SynthesisInternational breastfeeding journal2023
Calcium, zinc, and vitamin D in breast milk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in International breastfeeding journal, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Relationship Between Vitamin D Intake and Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in Young Children: A Meta-Regression to Inform WHO/FAO Vitamin D Intake Recommendations.The Journal of nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Pregnancy vitamin D supplementation and offspring bone mineral density in childhood follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Trial
- Nutrient Composition of Pasteurized Donor Human Milk and Short-Term Growth Outcomes in Infants.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2026Observational
- Literature-based human milk nutrient composition values for use in North American food composition databases.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Review
- Late-Onset Hypoparathyroidism-Induced Hypocalcemia in a Very Low Birth Weight Infant Caused by Undiagnosed Maternal Hyperparathyroidism.AJP reports · 2026Article
- Association Between Calcium and Protein Content of Breast Milk and Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) in Toddlers.Journal of dental research, dental clinics, dental prospects · 2026Article
- A Rapid Colorimetric Method for Determining Calcium, Inorganic Phosphorus, and Zinc in Human Milk Using Clinical Laboratory Reagents.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2026Article
- The Donkey Genome: From Evolutionary Insights to Sustainable Breeding Strategies.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- Reference Values for Minerals in Human Milk: the Mothers, Infants and Lactation Quality (MILQ) Study.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Determination of Minor and Trace Elements in Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers in Early Lactation from Tehran, Iran Using Neutron Activation Analysis Method.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Article
- Differences in Zinc Content in Preterm Human Milk May Depend on Your Definition of "Preterm".Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Reply to B Stansfield.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Recent Advancements Towards the Use of Vitamin D Isoforms and the Development of Their Synthetic Analogues as New Therapeutics.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Dietary intake and growth of HIV exposed and unexposed 6-12 months old infants in South Africa.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Worldwide and time trends in sodium and potassium intakes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2025Article
- Tracing Zinc's Role in Preterm Infants' Health: A Narrative Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Review
- Review
- Contemporary small-scale subsistence populations offer unique insights into human musculoskeletal health and aging.Science advances · 2024Review
- Sulfated vitamin D metabolites represent prominent roles in serum and in breastmilk of lactating women.Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGlobal estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breastmilk are lacking. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the calcium, zinc, and vitamin D content in breast milk.
methodsA systematic search of the online databases Embase, MEDLINE, and CENTRAL was conducted in November 2022 and complemented by searches of the African Journals Online database and the LILACS database, and reference lists. Studies reporting the calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk of apparently healthy mothers and infants were included. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted. The effect of influencing factors were investigated with sub-group analyses and meta-regressions.
resultsA total of 154 studies reporting on breast milk calcium were identified, with a mean calcium concentration in breast milk of 261 mg/L (95% CI: 238, 284). Calcium concentration was influenced by maternal health and decreased linearly over the duration of lactation. Calcium concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: calcium concentration [mg/L] = 282 - 0.2331 ✕ number of days since birth. A total of 242 studies reporting on breast milk zinc were identified, with a mean zinc concentration of 2.57 mg/L (95% CI: 2.50, 2.65). Zinc concentration was influenced by several factors, such as maternal age, gestational age, and maternal diet. Zinc concentration started high in the first weeks post-partum followed by a rapid decrease over the first months. Zinc concentration at a specific time during lactation could be estimated with the equation: zinc concentration [mg/L] = 6 + 0.0005 ✕ days - 2.0266 ✕ log(days). A total of 43 studies reporting on breast milk vitamin D were identified, with a mean total antirachitic activity of breast milk of 58 IU/L (95% CI: 45, 70), which consisted mostly of 25OHD3, and smaller amounts of vitamin D3, 25OHD2 and vitamin D2. Vitamin D concentration showed wide variations between studies and was influenced by vitamin D supplementation, continent and season.
conclusionsThis review provides global estimates of calcium, zinc and vitamin D content in breast milk, as well as indications on changes over time and depending on influencing factors.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.