ArticleMMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report2023
Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence and Incidence of Primary SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among Blood Donors, by COVID-19 Vaccination Status - United States, April 2021-September 2022.
Article in MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers.
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Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 147 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ibuzatrelvir potently reduced viral RNA levels despite a high rate of anti-S seropositivity: a post hoc analysis of serology of the phase 2b study.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Mucosal Immunoglobulin A in Clinical Saliva Samples After a Dose of Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine.Journal of medical virology · 2025Trial
- Virologic Response and Safety of Ibuzatrelvir, A Novel SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral, in Adults With COVID-19.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Trial
- Alleviation of COVID-19 Symptoms and Reduction in Healthcare Utilization Among High-risk Patients Treated With Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (NMV/R): A Phase 3 Randomized Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Trial
- SCB-2019 protein vaccine as heterologous booster of neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants after immunization with other COVID-19 vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Trial
- Omicron COVID-19 immune correlates analysis of a third dose of mRNA-1273 in the COVE trial.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of the self-amplifying mRNA ARCT-154 COVID-19 vaccine: pooled phase 1, 2, 3a and 3b randomized, controlled trials.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection and Risk of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Case-control Study.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2026Article
- Secreted ORF8 reprograms macrophages to enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung epithelial cells.Science advances · 2026Article
- Impact of delayed blood donation sample processing and testing on SARS-CoV-2 serological assay results in an evolving pandemic response.Transfusion · 2026Article
- Secreted ORF8 reprograms macrophages to enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung epithelial cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- mRNA COVID-19 vaccination induces minimal IgA in saliva in the absence of prior clinical or subclinical infection.Vaccine · 2026Article
- Chronic Conditions as Risk Factors for COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Among Adults, 2020-2023.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Workflow‑Based Information Management Framework for Multicenter Research Studies: Design and Development.Online journal of public health informatics · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Effectiveness of 2024-2025 Seasonal mRNA-1273 Vaccination Against COVID-19-Related Hospitalizations and Medically Attended COVID-19 Among Adults Aged ≥ 18 years in the United States: An Observational Matched Cohort Study.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Article
- Outcomes of ME/CFS following infectious mononucleosis: seven-year follow-up of a prospective study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Nationwide seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant and five Omicron sublineages in companion cats and dogs in the USA: insights into their role in COVID-19 epidemiology.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Association of SARS-CoV-2 Serology Test Result and COVID-19 Vaccination in Adults: A Multisite Cohort Study.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- Long COVID Is Associated with Excess Direct Healthcare Expenditures Among Adults in the United States.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Changes in testing behaviors and reporting requirements have hampered the ability to estimate the U.S. SARS-CoV-2 incidence (1). Hybrid immunity (immunity derived from both previous infection and vaccination) has been reported to provide better protection than that from infection or vaccination alone (2). To estimate the incidence of infection and the prevalence of infection- or vaccination-induced antibodies (or both), data from a nationwide, longitudinal cohort of blood donors were analyzed. During the second quarter of 2021 (April-June), an estimated 68.4% of persons aged ≥16 years had infection- or vaccination-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, including 47.5% from vaccination alone, 12.0% from infection alone, and 8.9% from both. By the third quarter of 2022 (July-September), 96.4% had SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from previous infection or vaccination, including 22.6% from infection alone and 26.1% from vaccination alone; 47.7% had hybrid immunity. Prevalence of hybrid immunity was lowest among persons aged ≥65 years (36.9%), the group with the highest risk for severe disease if infected, and was highest among those aged 16-29 years (59.6%). Low prevalence of infection-induced and hybrid immunity among older adults reflects the success of public health infection prevention efforts while also highlighting the importance of older adults staying up to date with recommended COVID-19 vaccination, including at least 1 bivalent dose.*
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.