ArticleMMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report2023
Community Water Fluoridation Levels To Promote Effectiveness and Safety in Oral Health - United States, 2016-2021.
Article in MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Water Fluoridation: Institutional Arrangements and Regulatory Mechanisms in Three Selected Countries.Journal of public health dentistry · 2026Article
- Optimal Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water for Preventing Dental Fluorosis and Caries in 8-12-Year-Old Children in Qingdao, China: A Restricted Cubic Spline and Spatial Epidemiological Analysis Following Rural Safe Drinking Water Interventions in Endemic Fluorosis Region.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Fluoridation in Chile: historical context, current programs, challenges, and future directions.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Review
- Assessing Fluoride Concentrations in Iowa's Groundwater and Drinking Water: Implications for Public Health and Water Management.Environmental science. Advances · 2026Article
- Article
- Childhood fluoride exposure and cognition across the life course.Science advances · 2025Article
- Projected Outcomes of Removing Fluoride From US Public Water Systems.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Ensuring Safe Drinking Water: Physicochemical Analysis of Water Sources in Malle Woreda, South Omo Zone, Ethiopia.International journal of analytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Where Fluoride Is Present, Hexafluorosilicate Might Be Encountered: Supramolecular Binding of the SiFACS omega · 2024Article
- Longitudinal associations between early-life fluoride exposures and cardiometabolic outcomes in school-aged children.Environment international · 2024Article
- A Transcriptional Analysis Showing the Effects of GH12 Combined with Fluoride for Suppressing the Acidogenicity ofMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis and Dental Caries in Relation to Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water among Residents of Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India: A Cross-Sectional Study.Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Drinking water fluoridated at the level recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) reduces dental caries (cavities) by approximately 25% in children and adults (1). USPHS recommends fluoride levels to achieve oral health benefits and minimize risks associated with excess fluoride exposure. To provide the benefits of community water fluoridation, water systems should target a level of 0.7 mg/L and maintain levels ≥0.6 mg/L (2). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets a safety standard at 2.0 mg/L to prevent mild or moderate dental fluorosis, a condition that causes changes in the appearance of tooth enamel caused by hypermineralization resulting from excess fluoride intake during tooth-forming years (i.e., before age 8 years). During 2016-2021, fluoride measurements for 16.3% of population-weighted monthly fluoride measurements (person-months) reported by community water systems to CDC's Water Fluoridation Reporting System (WFRS) were <0.6 mg/L; only 0.01% of person-months exceeded 2.0 mg/L. More than 80% of population-weighted fluoride measurements from community water systems reporting to WFRS were above 0.6 mg/L. Although 0.7 mg/L is the recommended optimal level, ≥0.6 mg/L is still effective for the prevention of caries. A total of 4,080 community water systems safely fluoridated water 99.99% of the time with levels below the secondary safety standard of 2.0 mg/L. Water systems are encouraged to work with their state programs to report their fluoride data into WFRS and meet USPHS recommendations to provide the full benefit of fluoridation for caries prevention.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.