ArticleJournal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism2023
Visualising and semi-quantitatively measuring brain fluid pathways, including meningeal lymphatics, in humans using widely available MRI techniques.
Article in Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impaired Glymphatic-Meningeal Lymphatic Function in Patients with Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.Translational stroke research · 2026Article
- Beyond immune privilege: the brain as a dynamic immunological interface.Cell death & disease · 2026Review
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Meningeal Lymphatic Impairment in Lung Adenocarcinoma Brain Metastasis Progression.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Evaluation of meningeal lymphatic vessels with delayed contrast enhanced vessel-wall MRI in cerebral infarction.Japanese journal of radiology · 2026Article
- Reconsideration of the DTI-ALPS index as a glymphatic surrogate: disease-specific findings in small vessel disease due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy or arteriolosclerosis.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Potential role of meningeal lymphatic drainage in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced cognitive improvement: A call for further research.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Imaging the distribution and drainage of fluid in the human olfactory regions using intravenous Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) enhanced MRI.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Article
- The glymphatic and meningeal lymphatic systems may converge, connecting traumatic brain injury progression with chronic traumatic encephalopathy onset.Molecular and cellular neurosciences · 2025Review
- Brain fluid physiology in ischaemic stroke; more than just oedema.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Review
- Deep Medullary Vein Integrity and Relationships with Small Vessel Disease and Interstitial Diffusivity Measures in Patients with a Recent Small Subcortical Infarct.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2025Article
- Review
- Meningeal lymphatic drainage: novel insights into central nervous system disease.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Imaging brain fluid dynamics and waste clearance involving perivascular spaces in cerebral small vessel disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Perivascular and parenchymal brain fluid diffusivity in patients with a recent small subcortical infarct.Neuroradiology · 2025Article
- Imaging evaluation and volumetric measurement of the space surrounding the diploic veins.Japanese journal of radiology · 2024Article
- Regulation of brain fluid volumes and pressures: basic principles, intracranial hypertension, ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2024Review
- Future of neurocritical care: Integrating neurophysics, multimodal monitoring, and machine learning.World journal of critical care medicine · 2024Review
- Glymphatic-lymphatic coupling: assessment of the evidence from magnetic resonance imaging of humans.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Review
- Imaging of brain barrier inflammation and brain fluid drainage in human neurological diseases.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Brain fluid dynamics remains poorly understood with central issues unresolved. In this study, we first review the literature regarding points of controversy, then pilot study if conventional MRI techniques can assess brain fluid outflow pathways and explore potential associations with small vessel disease (SVD). We assessed 19 subjects participating in the Mild Stroke Study 3 who had FLAIR imaging before and 20-30 minutes after intravenous Gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast. Signal intensity (SI) change was assessed semi-quantitatively by placing regions of interest, and qualitatively by a visual scoring system, along dorsal and basal fluid outflow routes. Following i.v. Gd, SI increased substantially along the anterior, middle, and posterior superior sagittal sinus (SSS) (82%, 104%, and 119%, respectively), at basal areas (cribriform plate, 67%; jugular foramina, 72%), and in narrow channels surrounding superficial cortical veins separated from surrounding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (96%) (all p < 0.001). The SI increase was associated with higher intraparenchymal perivascular spaces (PVS) scores (Std. Beta 0.71, p = 0.01). Our findings suggests that interstitial fluid drainage is visible on conventional MRI and drains from brain parenchyma via cortical perivenous spaces to dural meningeal lymphatics along the SSS remaining separate from the CSF. An association with parenchymal PVS requires further research, now feasible in humans.
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