ReviewBreast cancer research : BCR2023
Progesterone from ovulatory menstrual cycles is an important cause of breast cancer.
Review in Breast cancer research : BCR, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcriptomic Profile of Breast Tissue of Premenopausal Women Following Treatment with Progesterone Receptor Modulator: Secondary Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Trial
- A concept for a new approach to combined oral contraception from adolescence to perimenopause: Continuous use of the oral GnRH antagonist Relugolix and the fetal estrogen Estetrol.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Short-term hormonal modulation with mifepristone does not induce oncogenic changes in the endometrium of BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Advances in biomonitoring technologies for women's health.Nature communications · 2025Review
- Innovative approaches in breast cancer therapy: repurposing nanocarriers for enhanced outcomes.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Premature ovarian insufficiency and the risk of breast cancer.Human reproduction open · 2025Article
- Reply: Premature ovarian insufficiency and the risk of breast cancer.Human reproduction open · 2025Article
- Risk factors for breast cancer subtypes by race and ethnicity: a scoping review.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2024Article
- The Potential Health Risks and Benefits of Progesterone in the Transgender Woman Population-A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Rat Models of Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2024Review
- Breastfeeding's protective role in alleviating breast cancer burden: a comprehensive review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Review
- Risk factors for breast cancer subtypes by race and ethnicity: A scoping review of the literature.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- In-utero exposure to polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) and menstrual cycle function in adulthood.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2024Article
- Oncogenic BRCA1,2 Mutations in the Human Lineage-A By-Product of Sexual Selection?Biomedicines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
13 authors at 10 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Many factors, including reproductive hormones, have been linked to a woman's risk of developing breast cancer (BC). We reviewed the literature regarding the relationship between ovulatory menstrual cycles (MCs) and BC risk. Physiological variations in the frequency of MCs and interference with MCs through genetic variations, pathological conditions and or pharmaceutical interventions revealed a strong link between BC risk and the lifetime number of MCs. A substantial reduction in BC risk is observed in situations without MCs. In genetic or transgender situations with normal female breasts and estrogens, but no progesterone (P4), the incidence of BC is very low, suggesting an essential role of P4. During the MC, P4 has a strong proliferative effect on normal breast epithelium, whereas estradiol (E2) has only a minimal effect. The origin of BC has been strongly linked to proliferation associated DNA replication errors, and the repeated stimulation of the breast epithelium by P4 with each MC is likely to impact the epithelial mutational burden. Long-lived cells, such as stem cells, present in the breast epithelium, can carry mutations forward for an extended period of time, and studies show that breast tumors tend to take decades to develop before detection. We therefore postulate that P4 is an important factor in a woman's lifetime risk of developing BC, and that breast tumors arising during hormonal contraception or after menopause, with or without menopausal hormone therapy, are the consequence of the outgrowth of pre-existing neoplastic lesions, eventually stimulated by estrogens and some progestins.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.