ArticleACS applied materials & interfaces2023
A Highly Sensitive and Specific Photonic Crystal-Based Opioid Sensor with Rapid Regeneration.
Article in ACS applied materials & interfaces, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interpol review of forensic drug chemistry, 2022-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026Review
- Evanescent wave-based optical biosensors for innovations, medical application and future perspectives.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Real-time and label-free monitoring of monoclonal antibody secretion rates using a PC-TIR biosensor.Biosensors & bioelectronics · 2025Article
- Liver-on-a-Chip Integrated with Label-Free Optical Biosensors for Rapid and Continuous Monitoring of Drug-Induced Toxicity.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2024Article
- Structural Color Colloidal Photonic Crystals for Biomedical Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Opioid misuse and overdose have caused devastating public health challenges and economic burdens, calling for the need of rapid, accurate sensitive opioid sensors. Here, we report a photonic crystal-based opioid sensor in the total internal reflection configuration, providing label-free, rapid, quantitative measurements through change of the refractive index. The one-dimensional photonic crystal with a defect layer that is immobilized with opioid antibodies acts as a resonator with an open microcavity. The highly accessible structure responds to analytes within a minute after the aqueous opioid solution is introduced, achieving the highest sensitivity of 5688.8 nm/refractive index unit (RIU) at the incident angle of 63.03°. Our sensor shows a limit of detection (LOD) of 7 ng/mL for morphine in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) solutions, well below the required clinical detection limit, and an LOD of 6 ng/mL for fentanyl in PBS, close to the clinical requirement. The sensor can selectively detect fentanyl from a mixture of morphine and fentanyl and be regenerated in 2 min with up to 93.66% recovery rate after five cycles. The efficacy of our sensor is further validated in artificial interstitial fluid and human urine samples.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.