ArticleFrontiers in immunology2023
The internal dose makes the poison: higher internalization of polystyrene particles induce increased perturbation of macrophages.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Monodisperse Polymer Optical Microresonators as a Versatile Platform for Protein-Conjugated Biocompatible Optical Probes.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Micro- and Nanoplastics Exposure Across the Lifespan: One Health Implications for Aging and Longevity.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Review
- Review
- Microplastic induced cascades of multiple cell death pathways: inflammation, immune imbalance, and cancer susceptibility.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Micro- and nanoplastics remodel the autophagy-lysosomal axis and mitochondrial function in primary human monocytes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Temporary effects of random positioning on the function and plasticity of proliferating monocytes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Effects of microplastics and nanoplastics on the kidney and cardiovascular system.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2025Review
- Biological Impact of True-to-Life PET and Titanium-Doped PET Nanoplastics on Human-Derived Monocyte (THP-1) Cells.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Development of Itaconate Polymers Microparticles for Intracellular Regulation of Pro-Inflammatory Macrophage Activation.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Role of microplastics in the tumor microenvironment (Review).Oncology letters · 2025Review
- Biological Effects of Micro-/Nano-Plastics in Macrophages.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Emerging Threat of Micro- and Nanoplastics on the Maturation and Activity of Immune Cells.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2025Review
- Microplastics: an often-overlooked issue in the transition from chronic inflammation to cancer.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Review
- The in vitro gastrointestinal digestion-associated protein corona of polystyrene nano- and microplastics increases their uptake by human THP-1-derived macrophages.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2024Article
- Characterization of Nanoprecipitated PET Nanoplastics byPolymers · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Plastics are emerging pollutants of great concern. Macroplastics released in the environment degrade into microplastics and nanoplastics. Because of their small size, these micro and nano plastic particles can enter the food chain and contaminate humans with still unknown biological effects. Plastics being particulate pollutants, they are handled in the human body by scavenger cells such as macrophages, which are important players in the innate immune system. Using polystyrene as a model of micro and nanoplastics, with size ranging from under 100 nm to 6 microns, we have showed that although non-toxic, polystyrene nano and microbeads alter the normal functioning of macrophages in a size and dose-dependent manner. Alterations in the oxidative stress, lysosomal and mitochondrial functions were detected, as well as changes in the expression of various surface markers involved in the immune response such as CD11a/b, CD18, CD86, PD-L1, or CD204. For each beads size tested, the alterations were more pronounced for the cell subpopulation that had internalized the highest number of beads. Across beads sizes, the alterations were more pronounced for beads in the supra-micron range than for beads in the sub-micron range. Overall, this means that internalization of high doses of polystyrene favors the emergence of subpopulations of macrophages with an altered phenotype, which may not only be less efficient in their functions but also alter the fine balance of the innate immune system.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.