ArticleFrontiers in neurology2023
Brain fog in long COVID limits function and health status, independently of hospital severity and preexisting conditions.
Article in Frontiers in neurology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and long-term outcomes of brain fog and cognitive impairment in individuals with long COVID: A systematic review.Medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Oral Manifestations in the Post COVID-19 Condition: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.Reviews in medical virology · 2025Pooled it
- Long-term neurological and cognitive impact of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis in over 4 million patients.BMC neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Intervention modalities for brain fog caused by long-COVID: systematic review of the literature.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Pooled it
- Long COVID affects working memory: assessment using a single rapid online test.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Article
- Post-COVID Condition and Neuroinflammation: Possible Management with Antioxidants.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Post-COVID-19 condition symptoms among emergency department patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Social impact of brain fog and analysis of risk factors: Long COVID in Japanese population.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2024Article
- Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Work Functioning in Japanese Workers: A Prospective Cohort Study.Safety and health at work · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Importance: The U.S. government has named post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (longCOVID) as influential on disability rates. We previously showed that COVID-19 carries a medical/functional burden at 1 year, and that age and other risk factors of severe COVID-19 were not associated with increased longCOVID risk. Long-term longCOVID brain fog (BF) prevalence, risk factors and associated medical/functional factors are poorly understood, especially after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted at an urban tertiary-care hospital. Of 1,032 acute COVID-19 survivors from March 3-May 15, 2020, 633 were called, 530 responded (59.2 ± 16.3 years, 44.5% female, 51.5% non-White) about BF prevalence, other longCOVID, post-acute ED/hospital utilization, perceived health/social network, effort tolerance, disability. Results: At approximately 1-year, 31.9% ( Conclusions and relevance: A year after COVID-19 infection, BF persists in a third of patients. COVID-19 severity is not a predictive risk factor. BF associates with other longCOVID and independently associates with persistent debility.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.