ArticleImmunity, inflammation and disease2023
HIV and inflammatory markers are associated with persistent COVID-19 symptoms.
Article in Immunity, inflammation and disease, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Persistent inflammatory cytokine signature in long Covid-19 patients: a meta-analysis.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Long COVID among people with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis.HIV medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Association of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection with Immune Activation in Virally Suppressed People Living with HIV.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Prevalence of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people living with HIV: a systematic review with meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Long-term symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of people living with HIV.Infection · 2024Observational
- The Interplay of HIV and Long COVID in Sub-Saharan Africa: Mechanisms of Endothelial Dysfunction.Current cardiology reports · 2024Review
- Long COVID symptoms 6 months after acute infection among people living with HIV and people not living with HIV.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- HIV and inflammatory markers are associated with persistent COVID-19 symptoms.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA proportion of COVID19 survivors may present with long-COVID, which is persistent symptoms lasting four or more weeks post SARS-CoV-2 infection. These symptoms may be mild to severe, and may affect different organ-systems of the body.
aimsThe main objective of this study was to determine the demographic, clinical and immunological factors associated with long COVID. MATERIALS &
methodsWe conducted a nested case control study, with a total of 94 study participants initially included, and 64 participants matched for age and sex for biomarker analyses.
results32/94 (34.1%) of all the participants had long COVID. Respiratory symptoms were the most common (59.5%) followed by the musculoskeletal symptoms (28.1%). HIV was an independent predictor of long COVID (adjusted odds ratio = 2.7; p = .037). In all the 64 matched cases and controls, IFN-β was significantly higher among controls than cases. After stratifying by HIV, IL6 was significantly higher among cases than controls in the HIV- group (2.06 vs. 0.81 pg/mL; p = .02). On the other hand, IFN-β was significantly higher among controls than cases in the HIV+ group (251 vs. 0 pg/mL; p = .01).
conclusionHIV infection is a risk factor for long COVID, and inflammatory markers associated with long COVID may be slightly different for HIV- and HIV+ individuals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.