ReviewJournal of anatomy2023
A revised terminology for the pharyngeal arches and the arch arteries.
Review in Journal of anatomy, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Congenital Isolation of a Common Carotid Artery: A Review of Cases, Phenotypes, and Embryology of a Rare Anomaly of the Aortic Arch System.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Review
- Persistent fifth aortic arch complicated by Williams-Beuren syndrome: a case description.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2025Article
- Imaging the development of the human craniofacial arterial system - an experimental study.Pediatric radiology · 2025Article
- Relating normal human cardiac development to the anatomical findings in the congenitally malformed heart.Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Review
- Unique Subclavian Vascular Ring Anomaly: Insights from CT Angiography.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Cardiac development demystified by use of the HDBR atlas.Journal of anatomy · 2024Review
- SMAD4: A critical regulator of cardiac neural crest cell fate and vascular smooth muscle development.Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists · 2024Article
- A revised terminology for the pharyngeal arches and the arch arteries.Journal of anatomy · 2023Review
- Morphogenetic processes in the development and evolution of the arteries of the pharyngeal arches: their relations to congenital cardiovascular malformations.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The pharyngeal arches are a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head of vertebrate embryos. In humans, and other amniotes, there are five pharyngeal arches and traditionally these have been labelled from cranial to caudal-1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. This numbering is odd-there is no '5'. Two reasons have been given for this. One is that during development, a 'fifth' arch forms transiently but is not fully realised. The second is that this numbering fits with the evolutionary history of the pharyngeal arches. Recent studies, however, have shown that neither of these justifications have basis. The traditional labelling is problematic as it causes confusion to those trying to understand the development of the pharyngeal arches. In particular, it creates difficulties in the field of congenital cardiac malformations, where it is common to find congenital cardiac lesions interpreted on the basis of persistence of the postulated arteries of the fifth arch. To resolve these problems and to take account of the recent studies that have clarified pharyngeal arch development, we propose a new terminology for the pharyngeal arches. In this revised scheme, the pharyngeal arches are to be labelled as follows-the first, most cranial, the mandibular (M), the second, the hyoid (H), the third, the carotid (C), the fourth, the aortic (A) and the last, most caudal, the pulmonary (P).
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