ReviewNPJ science of learning2023
The effect of prediction error on episodic memory encoding is modulated by the outcome of the predictions.
Review in NPJ science of learning, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Learning from mistakes: Objective and subjective error magnitudes predict the testing effect.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2026Article
- Does signed prediction error drive declarative memory? Evidence from variable choice paradigms.Memory & cognition · 2026Article
- A dynamic affective surprise signal influences episodic memory.Cognition · 2026Article
- Differential effects of contextual congruency on recognition and retrieval of perceptual details.Memory & cognition · 2026Article
- Empathy-Mediated Narrative Reconstruction of Autobiographical Memory: An Integrative Review of Theory, Evidence, and Applications.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Shared effects of one's own and others' experiences during reinforcement learning on episodic memory.NPJ science of learning · 2026Article
- Strain- and age-dependent divergence in mouse appetitive spatial learning and decision strategies.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- Working Memory Predicts Long-Term Recognition of Auditory Sequences: Dissociation Between Confirmed Predictions and Prediction Errors.Scandinavian journal of psychology · 2025Article
- Prediction error is out of context: The dominance of contextual stability in structuring episodic memories.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2025Article
- Timing of reward cues alters the interaction between reward and interest on memory over time.NPJ science of learning · 2025Article
- Predictive learning as the basis of the testing effect.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- Schema-driven prediction effects on episodic memory across the lifespan.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Expectations can lead to prediction errors of varying degrees depending on the extent to which the information encountered in the environment conforms with prior knowledge. While there is strong evidence on the computationally specific effects of such prediction errors on learning, relatively less evidence is available regarding their effects on episodic memory. Here, we had participants work on a task in which they learned context/object-category associations of different strengths based on the outcomes of their predictions. We then used a reinforcement learning model to derive subject-specific trial-to-trial estimates of prediction error at encoding and link it to subsequent recognition memory. Results showed that model-derived prediction errors at encoding influenced subsequent memory as a function of the outcome of participants' predictions (correct vs. incorrect). When participants correctly predicted the object category, stronger prediction errors (as a consequence of weak expectations) led to enhanced memory. In contrast, when participants incorrectly predicted the object category, stronger prediction errors (as a consequence of strong expectations) led to impaired memory. These results highlight the important moderating role of choice outcome that may be related to interactions between the hippocampal and striatal dopaminergic systems.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.