SynthesisJournal of medical Internet research2023
Effects of the Implementation of Intelligent Technology for Hand Hygiene in Hospitals: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of medical Internet research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Artificial intelligence for infection surveillance, risk stratification, and antimicrobial decision support in acute-care hospitals: a scoping review.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2026Pooled it
- Fostering hand disinfections in medical facilities: discussion of ethical conflicts and technical solutions.BMC medical ethics · 2026Article
- Scanner-Measured Hand Hygiene Performance After Automated Visual Feedback-Supported Training: A Multicenter Quality Improvement Project in Italian Hospitals.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2026Article
- Article
- ATP Bioluminescence Feedback Is Associated with Reduced Residual Hand Contamination Among Healthcare Workers: A Single-Center Before-and-After Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Multimodal Hand Hygiene Interventions and Clinical Healthcare-Associated Infection Outcomes in Acute Care Hospitals: A Systematic Review of Quasi-Experimental Studies.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Effects of reminders from Sanibit™ electronic hand hygiene system and incentives on hand hygiene compliance: a prospective, four-phased, observational study.The Journal of hospital infection · 2025Observational
- Artificial Intelligence and Hand Hygiene Accuracy: A New Era in Infection Control for Dental Practices.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2025Article
- Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections: Hand Disinfection Monitoring Using an Automated System in an Italian Neurological Hospital.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Prioritizing educational initiatives on emerging technologies for Italian pediatricians: bibliometric review and a survey.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe World Health Organization recommends regular hand hygiene monitoring and feedback to improve hand hygiene behaviors and health care-associated infection rates. Intelligent technologies for hand hygiene are increasingly being developed as alternative or supplemental monitoring approaches. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of this type of intervention, with conflicting results in the literature.
objectiveWe conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of using intelligent technology for hand hygiene in hospitals.
methodsWe searched 7 databases from inception to December 31, 2022. Two reviewers independently and blindly selected studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. A meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.3 and STATA 15.1 software. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also conducted. Overall certainty of evidence was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. The systematic review protocol was registered.
resultsThe 36 studies comprised 2 randomized controlled trials and 34 quasi-experimental studies. The included intelligent technologies involved 5 functions: performance reminders，electronic counting and remote monitoring，data processing，feedback，and education. Compared with usual care, the intelligent technology intervention for hand hygiene improved health care workers' hand hygiene compliance (risk ratio 1.56, 95% CI 1.47-1.66; P<.001), reduced health care-associated infection rates (risk ratio 0.25, 95% CI 0.19-0.33; P<.001), and was not associated with multidrug-resistant organism detection rates (risk ratio 0.53, 95% CI 0.27-1.04; P=.07). Three covariates, including publication year, study design, and intervention, were not factors of hand hygiene compliance or hospital-acquired infection rates analyzed by meta-regression. Sensitivity analysis showed stable results except for the pooled outcome of multidrug-resistant organism detection rates. The caliber of 3 pieces of evidence suggested a dearth of high-caliber research.
conclusionsIntelligent technologies for hand hygiene play an integral role in hospital. However, low quality of evidence and important heterogeneity were observed. Larger clinical trials are required to evaluate the impact of intelligent technology on multidrug-resistant organism detection rates and other clinical outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.