Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2023
Multivitamin Supplementation Improves Memory in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04582617 (COSMOS Web), which is not on this map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
COSMOS Web: Investigating the Effects of Cocoa Flavanol on Cognition Assessed Online
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of multivitamin-mineral supplementation versus placebo on cognitive function: results from the clinic subcohort of the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis of 3 cognitive studies within COSMOS.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Personalization matters: the effect of sex in multivitamin-multimineral-based cancer prevention.GeroScience · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of daily multivitamin-multimineral supplementation on metabolomic profiles: 2-year findings from the COSMOS randomized clinical trial.GeroScience · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Effects of daily multivitamin-multimineral and cocoa extract supplementation on epigenetic aging clocks in the COSMOS randomized clinical trial.Nature medicine · 2026Trial
- Improvements to mood, stress and loneliness following 12-week multivitamin supplementation in older adults: a randomised, placebo-controlled, trial.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Trial
- A standardized combination ofFrontiers in nutrition · 2025Trial
- Emerging Patterns in Dietary Supplement Use Among US Adults, 1999-2023.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Consumer-Relevant Endpoints in Nutritional Supplement Research: A Case of Multivitamin and Mineral Supplements.Current developments in nutrition · 2026Review
- Inflammaging and the role of micronutrients as immunomodulators: a pathway to healthy aging.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2026Review
- Multivitamins and cognitive health in older adults: bridging evidence, gaps, and controversies - a comprehensive narrative review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- Review
- Vitamin D supplement use in Egypt and Jordan and associated factors: A survey-based study.PloS one · 2026Article
- The role of multivitamin and mineral supplements in supporting health and well-being: a retrospective cross-sectional study in Taiwan.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- [Micronutrients in old age-physiological specificities and nutritional status].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2025Article
- Role of Micronutrient Supplementation in Promoting Cognitive Healthy Aging in Latin America: Evidence-Based Consensus Statement.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Tryptophan-Rich Diet Improves High-Fat Diet-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in C57BL/6 Mice through FFAR3 Activation.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2025Article
- Prolonged exposure to leisure screen time notably accelerates biological aging: Evidence from observational studies and genetic associations.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Observational
- Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Its Association with Cognitive Function in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Effects of Dietary Interventions on Cognitive Outcomes.Nutrients · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMaintenance of cognitive abilities is of critical importance to older adults, yet few effective strategies to slow cognitive decline currently exist. Multivitamin supplementation is used to promote general health; it is unclear whether it favorably affects cognition in older age.
objectivesTo examine the effect of daily multivitamin/multimineral supplementation on memory in older adults.
methodsThe COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study Web (COSMOS-Web) ancillary study (NCT04582617) included 3562 older adults. Participants were randomly assigned to a daily multivitamin supplement (Centrum Silver) or placebo and evaluated annually with an Internet-based battery of neuropsychological tests for 3 y. The prespecified primary outcome measure was change in episodic memory, operationally defined as immediate recall performance on the ModRey test, after 1 y of intervention. Secondary outcome measures included changes in episodic memory over 3 y of follow-up and changes in performance on neuropsychological tasks of novel object recognition and executive function over 3 y.
resultsCompared with placebo, participants randomly assigned to multivitamin supplementation had significantly better ModRey immediate recall at 1 y, the primary endpoint (t(5889) = 2.25, P = 0.025), as well as across the 3 y of follow-up on average (t(5889) = 2.54, P = 0.011). Multivitamin supplementation had no significant effects on secondary outcomes. Based on cross-sectional analysis of the association between age and performance on the ModRey, we estimated that the effect of the multivitamin intervention improved memory performance above placebo by the equivalent of 3.1 y of age-related memory change.
conclusionsDaily multivitamin supplementation, compared with placebo, improves memory in older adults. Multivitamin supplementation holds promise as a safe and accessible approach to maintaining cognitive health in older age. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04582617.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.