ArticleMedical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research2023
Brief Test of Olfactory Dysfunction Based on Diagnostic Features of Specific Odors in Early-Stage Alzheimer Disease.
Article in Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Diagnostic value of olfactory function testing for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Mechanisms Linking Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Alzheimer's Disease: Effects of Polyphenols and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Olfactory Testing and Gray Matter Volume: A Combined Approach to Predict the Conversion to Alzheimer.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Olfactory Testing With Focus on Odor Identification for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease in Mild Cognitive Impairment.American journal of Alzheimer's disease and other dementiasReview
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory impairment is an early symptom of Alzheimer disease (AD). However, it is rarely assessed in clinical practice. This study aimed to assess the identification and discrimination of specific odors in patients with early-stage AD using the Sniffin' Sticks test and determine the items that would be most valuable in the diagnosis of early-stage AD in order to create a brief test of olfactory dysfunction. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three groups of participants were enrolled, including 30 patients with mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI-AD group), 30 with mild dementia due to AD (MD-AD group), and 30 older participants with normal cognition (NC group). All participants underwent cognitive (Clinical Dementia Rating, Mini-Mental State Examination, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale, and verbal fluency tests) and olfactory (Burghart Sniffin' Sticks odor identification and odor discrimination tests) assessments. RESULTS The MD-AD group scored significantly lower than the MCI-AD group and the MCI-AD group scored significantly lower than the NC group in both the odor identification (P<0.001) and discrimination (P<0.05) tasks. The shortened versions of the odor identification and discrimination tasks showed good diagnostic properties in differentiating patients with AD from the NC participants (receiver operating characteristic [ROC] area under the curve [AUC]=0.912 and 0.954, respectively) and differentiating patients with MCI-AD from the NC participants (ROC AUC=0.871 and 0.959, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The brief versions of olfactory tests, containing selected items that were found to differ the most between cognitively normal participants and early-stage AD patients, have good diagnostic qualities and can aid clinicians in screening for early-stage AD.
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