The Chatbots Are Invading Us: A Map Point on the Evolution, Applications, Opportunities, and Emerging Problems in the

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed.

1. Impact of Oral Health Chatbot With and Without Toothbrushing Training on Childhood Caries.International dental journal · 2025
   Trial
2. Evaluation of AI Chatbot Responses to a Standardized Patient Query on Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: Cross-Sectional Content Analysis.JMIR medical informatics · 2026
   Article
3. Acceptance of Medical History-Taking Supported by Artificial Intelligence and Chatbots: A Population-Based Survey in Germany.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
   Article
4. Chatbots in Radiology: Current Applications, Limitations and Future Directions of ChatGPT in Medical Imaging.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
   Review
5. Integrating GPT-Based AI into Virtual Patients to Facilitate Communication Training Among Medical First Responders: Usability Study of Mixed Reality Simulation.JMIR formative research · 2024
   Article
6. Revolutionizing Radiology with Natural Language Processing and Chatbot Technologies: A Narrative Umbrella Review on Current Trends and Future Directions.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024
   Review
7. Efficacy of a conversational chatbot for cigarette smoking cessation: Protocol of the QuitBot full-scale randomized controlled trial.Contemporary clinical trials · 2024
   Article
8. Revolutionizing Cytology and Cytopathology with Natural Language Processing and Chatbot Technologies: A Narrative Review on Current Trends and Future Directions.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024
   Review
9. A multinational study on the factors influencing university students' attitudes and usage of ChatGPT.Scientific reports · 2024
   Article
10. Human versus Artificial Intelligence: ChatGPT-4 Outperforming Bing, Bard, ChatGPT-3.5 and Humans in Clinical Chemistry Multiple-Choice Questions.Advances in medical education and practice · 2024
    Article
11. Reply to Moreno et al. Comment on "Sallam, M. ChatGPT Utility in Healthcare Education, Research, and Practice: Systematic Review on the Promising Perspectives and Valid Concerns.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023
    Article
12. A Deep Dive into the Nexus between Digital Health and Life Sciences Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Editorial Expedition.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023
    Article
13. Evaluating the Sensitivity, Specificity, and Accuracy of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, Bing AI, and Bard Against Conventional Drug-Drug Interactions Clinical Tools.Drug, healthcare and patient safety · 2023
    Article

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

Authors and funding

1 author.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

Abstract

Indexed as