ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2023
Extended List of Warning Signs in Qualification to Diagnosis and Treatment of Inborn Errors of Immunity in Children and Young Adults.
Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders and Inborn Errors of Immunity in Saudi Arabia: Current Evidence on Epidemiology, Clinical Impact, and Healthcare System Challenges.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- When to consider an inborn error of immunity: clues for physicians.Internal medicine journal · 2026Review
- Behind the scenes: Primary immunodeficiencies in pediatric eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2026Article
- Low serum immunoglobulin levels in pediatric atopic dermatitis: association with disease severity and exploratory scores.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- The Intertwining Between Arthritis and Inborn Errors of Immunity.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Current perspectives and challenges of using artificial intelligence in immunodeficiencies.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2025Review
- Case Report: Novel variants in theFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Gastroenterological disorders in inborn errors of immunity. Part 1. Epidemiology, classification, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.Przeglad gastroenterologiczny · 2025Review
- Building alliances for early detection of immunodeficiencies: from primary care to hematology.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Development of an Expert-Based Scoring System for Early Identification of Patients with Inborn Errors of Immunity in Primary Care Settings - the PIDCAP Project.Journal of clinical immunology · 2024Article
- Management of a Patient with Cardiovascular Disease Should Include Assessment of Primary and Secondary Immunodeficiencies: Part 1-Primary Immunodeficiencies.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Enrichment of Immune Dysregulation Disorders in Adult Patients with Human Inborn Errors of Immunity.Journal of clinical immunology · 2024Article
- Novel Genetic and Phenotypic Expansion in AmelioratedInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Case Report: Early-onset or recalcitrant cytopenias as presenting manifestations of activated PI3Kδ syndrome.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesInborn errors of immunity (IEI) refer to genetically determined disorders presenting with recurrent infections, autoimmunity, allergies, and malignancies. IEI is now commonly used, replacing the previously used term primary immunodeficiencies (PID). The 10 warning signs of IEI are widely used in the identification patients with IEI. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the utility of the 10 and 14 warning signs in IEI diagnosing.
methodsA retrospective analysis of 2851 patients was performed (98.17% were subjects under 18 years old and 1.83% were adults). All patients were questioned about the 10 warning signs and four additional signs: severe eczema, allergies, hemato-oncologic disorders and autoimmunity. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and odds ratio were calculated for the 10 and 14 warning signs.
resultsIEI were diagnosed in a total of 896 (31.4%) patients and excluded in 1955 (68.6%). The strongest predictors of IEI were hemato-oncologic disorders (OR = 11.25;
conclusionsThe 10 warning signs have limited usefulness in identifying IEI. The modified list of 14 warning signs seems to represent an effective diagnostic method for the detection of IEI patients, especially those with severe PIDs.
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