ArticleChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Effects of Additional Granola in Children's Breakfast on Nutritional Balance, Sleep and Defecation: An Open-Label Randomized Cross-Over Trial.
Article in Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integrating Sleep, Eating, Bowel Habits, and Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents: A Conceptual Review of the Four Kai Framework.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Evaluation of the Fermentation Characteristics of Prebiotic-Containing Granola and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production in an In Vitro Gut Microbiota Model.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of personalized granola tailored to the gut microbiota for improving gut environment and mood states.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- The differential effect of two cereal foods on gut environment: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, parallel-group study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The contribution of breakfast to daily nutrient intake is low, particularly among children, at only about 20%, and it is difficult to determine whether children are receiving adequate nutrients at breakfast. Although alterations in breakfast content are considered to affect lifestyle habits such as sleep and defecation, there have been few intervention studies in children. The relationship between nutritional balance, dietary intake, and lifestyle habits in children remains unclear. We conducted an intervention study on elementary school children's breakfasts and observed the effects of improving the nutritional balance of breakfast on sleep parameters and defecation status. An intervention study was conducted with 26 elementary school students in Tokyo. The study design was an open-label randomized cross-over trial. Subjects consumed their usual breakfast during the control period and a granola snack containing soy protein in addition to their usual breakfast during the intervention period. Questionnaires regarding breakfast, sleep, and bowel movements were administered during each period. Based on the answers to these questionnaires, we compared the nutritional sufficiency of macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals (29 in total), as well as changes in sleep parameters and defecation status. The additional consumption of granola snacks increased the breakfast intake of 15 nutrients. The changes were particularly significant for iron, vitamin B1, vitamin D, and dietary fiber. During the intervention, sleep duration was decreased and wake-up time became earlier. In terms of defecation, the intervention did not change stool characteristics, but the frequency of defecations per week increased on average by 1.2 per week. These results suggest that the nutritional balance and the amount of breakfast are linked to sleep and defecation and that improving breakfast content can lead to lifestyle improvements in children.
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Registered trials
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