ReviewDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Review of Retinal Imaging Modalities for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy.
Review in Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Quadrant-Specific Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning in Hydroxychloroquine Retinal Toxicity: A Controlled OCT-Based Structural and Exposure Analysis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Optical Coherence Tomography and Angiography in Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy: A Narrative Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Effect of Cataracts on Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy Screening.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Role of microperimetry to detect early visual function deficits in patients with hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity-a review.Eye (London, England) · 2025Review
- New insights in pathogenic mechanism of hydroxychloroquine-induced ocular toxicity through choroidal imaging analysis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Article
- Classification of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy: A Literature Review and Proposal for Revision.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Detection of Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy via Hyperspectral and Deep Learning through Ophthalmoscope Images.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This review provides an overview of conventional and novel retinal imaging modalities for hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy. HCQ retinopathy is a form of toxic retinopathy resulting from HCQ use for a variety of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Each imaging modality detects a different aspect of HCQ retinopathy and shows a unique complement of structural changes. Conventionally, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), which shows loss or attenuation of the outer retina and/or retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane complex, and fundus autofluorescence (FAF), which shows parafoveal or pericentral abnormalities, are used to assess HCQ retinopathy. Additionally, several variations of OCT (retinal and choroidal thickness measurements, choroidal vascularity index, widefield OCT, en face imaging, minimum intensity analysis, and artificial intelligence techniques) and FAF techniques (quantitative FAF, near-infrared FAF, fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy, and widefield FAF) have been applied to assess HCQ retinopathy. Other novel retinal imaging techniques that are being studied for early detection of HCQ retinopathy include OCT angiography, multicolour imaging, adaptive optics, and retromode imaging, although further testing is required for validation.
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Registered trials
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