ReviewDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)2023
New Insights into the Diagnosis and Age Determination of Retinal Hemorrhages from Abusive Head Trauma: A Systematic Review.
Review in Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- From retina to proof: an evidence-to-outcome pipeline for pediatric eye findings in suspected abusive head trauma.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2026Article
- Shaken Adult Syndrome: Defining a New Traumatic Entity with an Evidence-Based Approach.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Abusive head trauma: a consensus statement on a shared workflow model within the Balkan network for quality improvement in forensic medicine.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Editorial: Exploring child abuse from clinical, legal, and forensic perspectives.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Guidance for a clinical and forensic diagnosis of pediatric abusive head trauma: a narrative review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- Perls' Prussian blue staining and chemistry of Prussian blue and Turnbull blue.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2025Review
- Should Chronic Subretinal Hemorrhage Be Treated Surgically?Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- External Validation of Deep Learning Models for Classifying Etiology of Retinal Hemorrhage Using Diverse Fundus Photography Datasets.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Deep Learning Approach for Differentiating Etiologies of Pediatric Retinal Hemorrhages: A Multicenter Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Clinical and Forensic Investigation Protocols for Diagnosing Abusive Head Trauma: A Literature Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
(1) Background: Head trauma represents the first cause of death in abused children, but diagnostic knowledge is still limited. The characteristic findings of abusive head trauma (AHT) are retinal hemorrhages (RH) and additional ocular findings, including optic nerve hemorrhages (ONH). However, etiological diagnosis must be cautious. (2) Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) standards were employed, and the research focus was the current gold standard in the diagnosis and timing of abusive RH. (3) Results: Sixteen articles were included for qualitative synthesis. The importance of an early instrumental ophthalmological assessment emerged in subjects with a high suspicion of AHT, with attention to the localization, laterality, and morphology of the findings. Sometimes it is possible to observe the fundus even in deceased subjects, but the current techniques of choice consist of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography, also useful for the timing of the lesion, the autopsy, and the histological investigation, especially if performed with the use of immunohistochemical reactants against erythrocytes, leukocytes, and ischemic nerve cells. (4) Conclusions: The present review has made it possible to build an operational framework for the diagnosis and timing of cases of abusive retinal damage, but further research in the field is needed.
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Registered trials
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