ReviewAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Chlorhexidine Resistance or Cross-Resistance, That Is the Question.
Review in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of a tea tree oil mouthwash on plaque-induced gingivitis when comparing to chlorhexidine: an exploratory randomised clinical trial.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Trial
- Short- and long-term impact of aseptic bathing strategies on the skin microbiome in ICU patients.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2025Trial
- Clinical Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gargle Combined with Recombinant Bovine Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Gel in the Treatment of Recurrent Oral Ulcers and Its Effects on Inflammatory Factors, Immune Function, and Recurrence Rate.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2024Trial
- Phenotypic and genotypic assessment of antimicrobial and biocide resistance in enterobacteria from anaerobic digestion of dairy waste: implications for environmental and public health.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Article
- From Plant-Derived Compound to Bioactive Agent in Dentistry: The Expanding Role of Thymol.Dentistry journal · 2026Review
- Antibacterial Effect of the In Vitro Interaction Between Clotrimazole and Chlorhexidine Against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius With Known Resistance Patterns Isolated From Canine Pyoderma.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Antibacterial Efficacy of Local Therapeutic Agents Against Specific Gram-Positive Bacteria Associated with Pericoronitis.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Sustained chlorhexidine susceptibility in clinical MRSA isolates despite recent exposure.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Article
- Novel Fluorinated Chlorhexidine Analogues Overcome Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Surface Carrier Testing of Hospital Antiseptics AgainstPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Dual-Action Sutures: Chlorhexidine and Dexamethasone for Infection Control and Inflammation Suppression.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Intraoperative Wound Irrigation in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Survey of Current Understanding and Practice Across the United States.Arthroplasty today · 2026Article
- Combined effects of nitrate and antimicrobial compounds on in vitro subgingival biofilms.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A correlation analysis between arsenic and mercury resistance and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria isolated from a highly contaminated brownfield.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Biofilm-related characteristics ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Exploring Perspectives on Feasibility, Challenges, and Support Needs for Chlorhexidine Gluconate (CHG) Bathing in the Outpatient Setting for Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients: A Qualitative Study.Transplantation and cellular therapy · 2026Article
- Article
- Octenidine effectively reduces Candida auris colonisation on human skin.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine-treated surfaces against clinical isolates implicated in nosocomial infections.Journal of medical microbiology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chlorohexidine (CHX) is a widely used biocide in clinical and household settings. Studies over the last few decades have reported CHX resistance in different bacterial species, but at concentrations well below those used in the clinical setting. Synthesis of these findings is hampered by the inconsistent compliance with standard laboratory procedures for biocide susceptibility testing. Meanwhile, studies of in vitro CHX-adapted bacteria have reported cross-resistance between CHX and other antimicrobials. This could be related to common resistance mechanisms of CHX and other antimicrobials and/or the selective pressure driven by the intensive use of CHX. Importantly, CHX resistance and cross-resistance to antimicrobials should be investigated in clinical as well as environmental isolates to further our understanding of the role of CHX in selection of multidrug resistance. Whilst clinical studies to support the hypothesis of CHX cross-resistance with antibiotics are currently lacking, we recommend raising the awareness of healthcare providers in a range of clinical disciplines regarding the potential adverse impact of the unfettered use of CHX on tackling antimicrobial resistance.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.