ReviewDiabetologia2023
The countdown to type 1 diabetes: when, how and why does the clock start?
Review in Diabetologia, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Polish Recommendations for the Early Detection of Type 1 Diabetes in the Pediatric Population: A Position Statement of the Polish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and the Pediatric Section of the Diabetes Poland 2026.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2026Guideline
- Continuous glucose monitoring using the FreeStyle Libre Pro iQ in presymptomatic type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Similarities and singularities between innate-like T cell subsets in adults with type 1 diabetes.iScience · 2026Article
- Lived Experiences of Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Receiving Treatment at Rwanda Diabetes Association: A Qualitative Study.Rwanda journal of medicine and health sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- Long-term efficacy and safety of Control-IQ technology in younger children with type 1 diabetes in Italy (2020-2023): a longitudinal multicentre real-world study.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Right ventricular dysfunction in type 1 diabetic cardiomyopathy: An overlooked component?World journal of diabetes · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence-driven therapeutics for disease modification in type 1 diabetes: a digital public health and clinical translation framework.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Association of Individual or Family History of Autoimmune Disease With Future Development of Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2026Review
- Blood methylome signatures in children exposed to maternal type 1 diabetes are linked to protection against islet autoimmunity.Nature metabolism · 2025Article
- Review
- Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes in the Era of Disease-Modifying Immune Therapy.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2025Review
- The Heterogeneity of Type 1 Diabetes: Implications for Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment-2024 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia Expert Forum.Diabetes care · 2025Review
- The heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes: implications for pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment-2024 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia Expert Forum.Diabetologia · 2025Review
- Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes: Pathophysiological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Relevance.Endocrine reviews · 2025Review
- Infection episodes and islet autoantibodies in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Infection · 2024Article
- Review
- Insights in Nutrition to Optimize Type 1 Diabetes Therapy.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Monocytes in type 1 diabetes families exhibit high cytolytic activity and subset abundances that correlate with clinical progression.Science advances · 2024Article
- Time for changes in type 1 diabetes intervention trial designs.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
'The clock to type 1 diabetes has started when islet antibodies are first detected', commented George Eisenbarth with regard to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. This review focuses on 'starting the clock', i.e. the initiation of pre-symptomatic islet autoimmunity/the first appearance of islet autoantibodies. In particular, this review addresses why susceptibility to developing islet autoimmunity is greatest in the first 2 years of life and why beta cells are a frequent target of the immune system during this fertile period. A concept for the development of beta cell autoimmunity in childhood is discussed and three factors are highlighted that contribute to this early predisposition: (1) high beta cell activity and potential vulnerability to stress; (2) high rates of and first exposures to infection; and (3) a heightened immune response, with a propensity for T helper type 1 (Th1) immunity. Arguments are presented that beta cell injury, accompanied by activation of an inflammatory immune response, precedes the initiation of autoimmunity. Finally, the implications for strategies aimed at primary prevention for a world without type 1 diabetes are discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.