Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37221858›Full record

ReviewJournal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition2023

International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete.

Stacy T Sims, Chad M Kerksick, Abbie E Smith-Ryan, Xanne A K Janse de Jonge, Katie R Hirsch, Shawn M Arent, Susan Joyce Hewlings, Susan M Kleiner, Erik Bustillo, Jaime L Tartar and 9 more

Registry-linked trialOpen access · goldAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07591818 (Menstrual Cycle and Oral Contraceptive Use in Athletic Performance and Health-related Hydration and Energy Balance Status), which is not on this map. Cited by 68 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
68citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
15.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07591818 recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Menstrual Cycle and Oral Contraceptive Use in Athletic Performance and Health-related Hydration and Energy Balance Status

TypeobservationalSponsorFaculdade de Motricidade HumanaRan2026 to 2028Enrolled40ConditionsMenstrual Cycle, Oral Contraceptive Use, Athlete
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

68 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.

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  9. Caffeine's influence on vertical jump height: a real-life collegiate student-athlete approach.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025
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8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors at 13 institutions in 4 countries.

Stacy T SimsSPRINZ Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.ORCID 0000-0002-3255-5428
Chad M KerksickExercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Saint Charles, TX, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0458-7294
Abbie E Smith-RyanInstitute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Tallahassee, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5405-304X
Xanne A K Janse de JongeLLC p/b JDS Therapeutics, Bonafide Health, Harrison, NY.ORCID 0000-0003-3657-5298
Katie R HirschJacksonville University, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0899-0139
Shawn M ArentJacksonville University, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0647-0591
Susan Joyce HewlingsUniversity of South Florida, Performance and Physique Enhancement Laboratory,Tampa, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8540-2591
Susan M KleinerDr. Kiran C Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Nutrition Department, Davie, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2947-2517
Erik BustilloNova Southeastern University, Exercise and Sport Science, Fight Science Lab, Davie, FL, USA.
Jaime L TartarCollege of Science, Technology, and Health, Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St Charles, MO, USA.
Valerie G StarrattCollege of Science, Technology, and Health, Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St Charles, MO, USA.
Richard B KreiderUniversity of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3906-1658
Casey GreenwaltMacquarie University, Department of Health Sciences, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia.
Liliana I RenteríaMacquarie University, Department of Health Sciences, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia.
Michael J OrmsbeeMacquarie University, Department of Health Sciences, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-1939-7656
Trisha A VanDusseldorpUniversity of South, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Carolina, Columbia, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9057-2720
Bill I CampbellHigh Performance Nutrition LLC Mercer, Island, WA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4106-3871
Douglas S KalmanErik Bustillo Consulting, Miami, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0882-9748
Jose AntonioNova Southeastern University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8930-1058
Florida State University · USNova Southeastern University · USUniversity of South Carolina · USAuckland University of Technology · NZJacksonville University · USLindenwood University · USMercer Island School District · USNutrasource · CASoutheastern University · USTexas A&M University · USUniversity of Newcastle Australia · AUUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · USUniversity of South Florida · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Based on a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the literature regarding the nutritional concerns of female athletes, conducted by experts in the field and selected members of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN), the following conclusions represent the official Position of the Society: 1. Female athletes have unique and unpredictable hormone profiles, which influence their physiology and nutritional needs across their lifespan. To understand how perturbations in these hormones affect the individual, we recommend that female athletes of reproductive age should track their hormonal status (natural, hormone driven) against training and recovery to determine their individual patterns and needs and peri and post-menopausal athletes should track against training and recovery metrics to determine the individuals' unique patterns. 2. The primary nutritional consideration for all athletes, and in particular, female athletes, should be achieving adequate energy intake to meet their energy requirements and to achieve an optimal energy availability (EA); with a focus on the timing of meals in relation to exercise to improve training adaptations, performance, and athlete health. 3. Significant sex differences and sex hormone influences on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are apparent, therefore we recommend first ensuring athletes meet their carbohydrate needs across all phases of the menstrual cycle. Secondly, tailoring carbohydrate intake to hormonal status with an emphasis on greater carbohydrate intake and availability during the active pill weeks of oral contraceptive users and during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle where there is a greater effect of sex hormone suppression on gluconogenesis output during exercise. 4. Based upon the limited research available, we recommend that pre-menopausal, eumenorrheic, and oral contraceptives using female athletes should aim to consume a source of high-quality protein as close to beginning and/or after completion of exercise as possible to reduce exercise-induced amino acid oxidative losses and initiate muscle protein remodeling and repair at a dose of 0.32-0.38 g·kg

Indexed as

CreatineSportsAmino AcidsAthletesFemaleHumansMaleProgesteroneAmino AcidsCreatineProgesteroneExerciseFemale athleteHormonal contraceptiveMenopauseMenstrual cycleNutrition

Identifiers

PMID37221858
PMCPMC10210857
OpenAlexW4377940746

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.