ArticleScientific reports2023
Sexual dimorphisms in serum calcium and phosphate concentrations in the Rotterdam Study.
Article in Scientific reports, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of Serum Phosphate, Calcium and Alkaline Phosphatase With Risk of Incident Fractures in Healthy Older Adults.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Trial
- Random Urinary Calcium/Creatinine Ratio as a Predictor of Dehydration in Hypercalcemic and Normocalcemic Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Sex-Based Differences in the Vitamin D Metabolite Ratio and Its Associated Factors Among Healthy Japanese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Article
- Genome near-haploidization in CDC73-wildtype parathyroid tumors.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Dual-ligand Zr-based metal-organic framework probe with turn-on fluorescent response for dual-channel live cell imaging of phosphate and glutathione.Mikrochimica acta · 2026Article
- Dietary potassium restriction causes hypercalciuria, hypocalcemia, and bone loss in male mice.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Effects of Gender, Menopause, Vitamin D Status, and Tumor Parathyroid Cell Activity on Serum Phosphate Levels in a Large Cohort of Patients with Sporadic Hypercalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Steroid hormones and nephrolithiasis: regulation of urine components metabolism and inflammation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Gender-based comparison of clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory characteristics in hemodialysis patients: a retrospective analysis.Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) · 2026Observational
- Improved bioavailability of raloxifene hydrochloride through nasal administration of poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) nanoparticles in ovariectomized rats.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2026Article
- The relationship between obesity and serum calcium level in a sample of Syrian people a cross sectional study.Obesity pillars · 2025Article
- Serum Phosphate in the General Population: A Need for Sex-Specific Reference Intervals.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- The Role of Serum Calcium Levels in the Progression of Arterial Stiffness: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses in a Multicenter Cohort.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2025Article
- Serum Phosphorus and Hypophosphatemia During Therapy of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children: Single-Center, Retrospective Cohort 2016-2022.Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies · 2025Article
- Calcium signalling and transport in the kidney.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2024Review
- Diuretic Use and Serum Phosphate: Rotterdam Study and UK Biobank.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2024Article
- Phosphate in Cardiovascular Disease: From New Insights Into Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implications.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2024Review
- Independent associations of serum calcium with or without albumin adjustment and serum phosphorus with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results from NHANES 1999-2018.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex differences in serum phosphate and calcium have been reported but the exact nature and underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to compare calcium and phosphate concentrations between sexes, and explore potential covariates to elucidate underlying mechanisms of sex differences in a prospective, population-based cohort study. Pooled data of subjects > 45 years from three independent cohorts of the Rotterdam Study (RS) were used: RS-I-3 (n = 3623), RS-II-1 (n = 2394), RS-III-1 (n = 3241), with separate analyses from an additional time point of the first cohort RS-I-1 (n = 2688). Compared to men, women had significantly higher total serum calcium and phosphate concentrations which was not explained by BMI, kidney function nor smoking. Adjustment for serum estradiol diminished sex differences in serum calcium while adjustment for serum testosterone diminished sex differences in serum phosphate. Adjustment for vitamin D and alkaline phosphatase did not change the association between sex and calcium or phosphate in RS-I-1. In the sex-combined group, both serum calcium and phosphate decreased with age with a significant interaction for sex differences for serum calcium but not phosphate. In sex-stratified analyses, serum estradiol but not testosterone was inversely associated with serum calcium in both sexes. Serum estradiol was inversely associated with serum phosphate in both sexes to a similar degree, while serum testosterone was inversely associated with serum phosphate in both sexes with an apparent stronger effect in men than in women. Premenopausal women had lower serum phosphate compared to postmenopausal women. Serum testosterone was inversely associated with serum phosphate in postmenopausal women only. In conclusion, women > 45 years have higher serum calcium and phosphate concentrations compared to men of similar age, not explained by vitamin D or alkaline phosphatase concentrations. Serum estradiol but not testosterone was inversely associated with serum calcium while serum testosterone was inversely associated with serum phosphate in both sexes. Serum testosterone may in part explain sex differences in serum phosphate while estradiol could partly explain sex differences in serum calcium.
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