ArticleNephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association2023
The five types of glomerulonephritis classified by pathogenesis, activity and chronicity (GN-AC).
Article in Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Artificial intelligence-powered renal pathology for glomerular disease classification: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Renal failure · 2026Pooled it
- Office Blood Pressure and Arteriolosclerosis in Biopsy-Proven Glomerulonephritis: Association With Renal Function Decline and Clinical Outcomes.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2026Article
- Genetic kidney disease in adults-the pathologists' perspective.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2026Review
- How to Cure Autoimmune GN and Podocytopathies.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2026Review
- Prognostic value of a composite histologic score in glomerular diseases: a 10-year single center cohort study.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Short interference RNAs in glomerulonephritis: A mini review.BioImpacts : BI · 2026Review
- The Spectrum and Temporal Trends of Glomerular Diseases in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review of Biopsy-Based Studies.International journal of nephrology · 2026Review
- Pauci-Immune Crescentic Glomerulonephritis Associated With Primary Sjögren Syndrome: A Case Report.Cureus · 2026Article
- Efficacy and safety of obinutuzumab on progressive IgA nephropathy: a case series.Journal of nephrology · 2025Article
- Lupus Nephritis: Unmet Needs and Evolving Solutions.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2025Review
- Chronic Kidney Disease of unexplained cause (CKDx): a consensus statement by the Genes & Kidney Working Group of the ERA.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2025Article
- Revisiting Glomerulopathy in Clusterin Knockout Mice: A Mouse Model of Human Immunotactoid Glomerulopathy.Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2025Article
- Nicotinism vs. Glomerulopathies-Smoking as a Risk Factor for Primary Glomerulopathies.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Intraglomerular Inflammation as a Guide for Mycophenolate Mofetil-Based Treatment in IgA Nephropathy.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Anti-Rituximab Antibodies Occurrence and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Primary Membranous Nephropathy.Kidney international reports · 2025Article
- Disease-modifying anti-nephropathic drugs (DMANDs)-a definition proposed by the Immunonephrology Working Group (IWG) of the European Renal Association (ERA).Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2025Review
- Prognostic Value of Urinary Biomarkers in Proteinuria Progression in IgA Nephropathy Patients Treated with Budesonide.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- The Risk Factors of Hypotension in Patients with End-Stage Chronic Glomerulonephritis During Maintenance Hemodialysis.International journal of general medicine · 2025Article
- GNCnn: A QuPath extension for glomerulosclerosis and glomerulonephritis characterization based on deep learning.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Treatment outcomes and determinants of combined hemodialysis-hemoperfusion therapy in chronic glomerulonephritis.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a diverse group of immune-mediated disorders. Currently, GN is classified largely by histological patterns that are difficult to understand and teach, and most importantly, do not indicate treatment choices. Indeed, altered systemic immunity is the primary pathogenic process and the key therapeutic target in GN. Here, we apply a conceptual framework of immune-mediated disorders to GN guided by immunopathogenesis and hence immunophenotyping: (i) infection-related GN require pathogen identification and control; (ii) autoimmunity-related GN, defined by presence of autoantibodies and (iii) alloimmunity-related GN in transplant recipients both require the suppression of adaptive immunity in lymphoid organs and bone marrow; (iv) autoinflammation-related GN, e.g. inborn errors of immunity diagnosed by genetic testing, requires suppression of single cytokine or complement pathways; and (v) Monoclonal gammopathy-related GN requires B or plasma cell clone-directed therapy. A new GN classification should include disease category, immunological activity to tailor the use of the increasing number of immunomodulatory drugs, and chronicity to trigger standard chronic kidney disease care including the evolving spectrum of cardio-renoprotective drugs. Certain biomarkers allow diagnosis and the assessment of immunological activity and disease chronicity without kidney biopsy. The use of these five GN categories and a therapy-focused GN classification is likely to overcome some of the existing hurdles in GN research, management and teaching by reflecting disease pathogenesis and guiding the therapeutic approach.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.