ArticleTranslational neurodegeneration2023
An open-label multiyear study of sargramostim-treated Parkinson's disease patients examining drug safety, tolerability, and immune biomarkers from limited case numbers.
Article in Translational neurodegeneration, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03790670 (Safety, Tolerability and Biomarker Assessments of Leukine), which is not on this map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Safety, Tolerability and Biomarker Assessments of Leukine (Sargramostim) During Extended Timed Treatment for Parkinson's Disease: A Phase I Pilot Study
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review on Disease-Modifying Therapies in Parkinsonian Disorders.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Pooled it
- A Hypothesis-Generating Pharmacologic Profile for Sargramostim Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Trial
- Mendelian randomization analysis reveals causal links between specific immune cell phenotypes and Parkinson's disease.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Immune-mediated excitotoxicity in brain disorders.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Gaps in the Parkinson's disease therapeutic clinical pipeline: A focus on approaches targeting disease pathobiology.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- The Progress of Active Immunotherapy for Parkinson's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Blood measure of neuronal death is exponentially higher with age, especially in females, and halted in Alzheimer's disease by GM-CSF treatment.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of T-Cell Signatures and Astroglial Reactivity in Parkinson's Pathology Across Animal Models with Distinct Regenerative Capacities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Exploring Autophagy Inducing Molecules: Targeting Diverse Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease Management.Medicinal research reviews · 2026Review
- Research Progress on the Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Strategies, and Phthalocyanine Compounds for Alzheimer's Disease.Current Alzheimer research · 2026Review
- Neuroprotection in Parkinson Disease.Neurology and therapy · 2025Review
- Adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis and treatments of Parkinson's disease.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Review
- Patients with restless legs syndrome exhibit reduced serum colony-stimulating factor-1, humanin-like 3 and 10 levels.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2024Article
- Clinical Trial Highlights: Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Agents.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2024Review
- Amyloid-β specific regulatory T cells attenuate Alzheimer's disease pathobiology in APP/PS1 mice.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2023Article
- Clinical biomarkers for Lewy body diseases.Cell & bioscience · 2023Review
- Immune senescence in aged APP/PS1 mice.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2023Article
- Analysis of shared ceRNA networks and related-hub genes in rats with primary and secondary photoreceptor degeneration.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe clinical utility and safety of sargramostim has previously been reported in cancer, acute radiation syndrome, autoimmune disease, inflammatory conditions, and Alzheimer's disease. The safety, tolerability, and mechanisms of action in Parkinson's disease (PD) during extended use has not been evaluated.
methodsAs a primary goal, safety and tolerability was assessed in five PD patients treated with sargramostim (Leukine
resultsSargramostim-associated adverse events included injection-site reactions, elevated total white cell counts, and bone pain. On drug, blood analyses and metabolic panels revealed no untoward side effects linked to long-term treatment. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores remained stable throughout the study while regulatory T cell number and function were increased. In the initial 6 months of treatment, transcriptomic and proteomic monocyte tests demonstrated autophagy and sirtuin signaling. This finding paralleled anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities within both the adaptive and innate immune profile arms.
conclusionsTaken together, the data affirmed long-term safety as well as immune and anti-inflammatory responses reflecting clinical stability in PD under the sargramostim treatment. Confirmation in larger patient populations is planned in a future phase II evaluation.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03790670, Date of Registration: 01/02/2019, URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03790670?cond=leukine+parkinson%27s&draw=2&rank=2 .
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.