ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2023
Epidemiology and Causes of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency in Children: A Population-Based Study.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interplay Between Infectious Diseases and the Endocrine System: An Overview and Clinical Insights.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Review
- Sex differences in clinical and metabolic outcomes of glucocorticoid replacement therapy in adrenal insufficiency.Pituitary · 2026Review
- Adrenal insufficiency in inborn errors of metabolism and vice versa: Case reports and review of the literature.Molecular genetics and metabolism reports · 2025Review
- Article
- The multiple faces of autoimmune Addison's disease in children.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextIncidence and causes of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) have not been comprehensively studied in children.
objectiveOur objective was to describe the epidemiology and to assess causes of PAI in Finnish children.
methodsA population-based descriptive study of PAI in Finnish patients aged 0-20 years.Diagnoses referring to adrenal insufficiency in children born in 1996-2016 were collected from the Finnish National Care Register for Health Care. Patients with PAI were identified by studying patient records. Incidence rates were calculated in relation to person-years in the Finnish population of same age.
resultsOf the 97 patients with PAI, 36% were female. The incidence of PAI was highest during the first year of life (in females 2.7 and in males 4.0/100 000 person-years). At 1-15 years of age, the incidence of PAI in females was 0.3/100 000 and in males 0.6/100 000 person-years. Cumulative incidence was 10/100 000 persons at age of 15 years and 13/100 000 at 20 years. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia was the cause in 57% of all patients and in 88% of patients diagnosed before age of 1 year. Other causes among the 97 patients included autoimmune disease (29%), adrenoleukodystrophy (6%), and other genetic causes (6%). From the age of 5 years, most of the new cases of PAI were due to autoimmune disease.
conclusionAfter the first-year peak, the incidence of PAI is relatively constant through ages 1-15 years, and 1 out of 10 000 children are diagnosed with PAI before the age of 15 years.
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