ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2023
Bacterial, fungal and parasitic co-infections in leprosy: A scoping review.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Coexistence of Scrofuloderma and Lepromatous Leprosy in Reaction: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Dual-functional molecule 3c targeting CYP24A1-mediated 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolism and microbial biofilms overcomes mixed vaginal infections.RSC advances · 2025Article
- Serological Evidence of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections as a Potential Risk for Severity in Leprosy Patients.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2025Article
- Leprosy in the 21st century: a comprehensive review of immunological mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2025Review
- Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis and temporal trend of leprosy indicators in Brazilian states, 2012-2022.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2025Article
- Investigating the role of soil-transmitted helminth infections in the development of leprosy in endemic regions.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Acid Fast Positivity Rate and Associated Factors of Leprosy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Northeastern Ethiopia: Its Implication for Evidence-Based Leprosy Prevention and Control.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Cystic Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by Cladophialophora Species in an Elderly Leprosy Patient.Cureus · 2024Article
- Coinfection with Leprosy and Tuberculosis: A Case Series in Malagasy Patients.Infection and drug resistance · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn leprosy patients, the most commonly reported non-viral co-infections are Tuberculosis, Leishmaniasis, Chromoblastomycosis and Helminths. The presence of a secondary infection is believed to increase the likelihood of leprosy reactions. The purpose of this review was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the most reported bacterial, fungal, and parasitic co-infections in leprosy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsFollowing the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted by two independent reviewers, resulting in the inclusion of 89 studies. For tuberculosis, a total of 211 cases were identified, with a median age of 36 years and male predominance (82%). Leprosy was the initial infection in 89% of cases, 82% of individuals had multibacillary disease, and 17% developed leprosy reactions. For leishmaniasis, 464 cases were identified, with a median age of 44 years and male predominance (83%). Leprosy was the initial infection in 44% of cases, 76% of individuals presented with multibacillary disease, and 18% developed leprosy reactions. Regarding chromoblastomycosis, we identified 19 cases with a median age of 54 years and male predominance (88%). Leprosy was the primary infection in 66% of cases, 70% of individuals had multibacillary disease, and 35% developed leprosy reactions. Additionally, we found 151 cases of co-infection with leprosy and helminths, with a median age of 43 years and male predominance (68%). Leprosy was the primary infection in 66% of cases, and 76% of individuals presented with multibacillary disease, while the occurrence of leprosy reactions varied from 37% to 81% across studies.
conclusionWe observed a male-dominated pattern of co-infections among working-age individuals with multibacillary leprosy. Unlike prior studies reporting increased leprosy reactions in chronic viral co-infections, our findings did not indicate any increase among bacterial, fungal, or parasitic co-infections. Rather, co-infections with tuberculosis and leishmaniasis appeared to reduce leprosy reactions.
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