ArticlePLOS global public health2023
Microbiological assessment reveals that Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter infections are widespread in HIV infected and uninfected patients with diarrhea in Mozambique.
Article in PLOS global public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of Plants Used for the Treatment of Diarrhea in Mozambique.BioMed research international · 2026Pooled it
- Can Wastewater Surveillance Enhance Genomic Tracking of Climate-Driven Pathogens?Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Transforming the Health Research Workforce in Mozambique: Achievements of the Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER) over a 13‑Year Journey.Annals of global health · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Diarrhea is an important cause of hospitalizations in Mozambique. However, little attention has been paid to the impact HIV infection on the prevalence or clinical manifestations of enteric bacterial infections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients with diarrhea, identify risk factors for infection, and explore the association between HIV status, viral load, and bacterial prevalence. We conducted a case-control study at the Centro de Saúde de Mavalane and Centro de Saúde 1° de Maio in Maputo, Mozambique, from November 2021 to May 2022. We recruited 300 patients, including 150 HIV-infected (cases) and 150 HIV-uninfected patients (controls), aged between 0-88 years, presenting with diarrhea. Stool samples were collected for bacterial isolation through culture, and for each HIV-infected patient, 4 ml of venous blood were obtained for viral load detection through PCR. A total of 129 patients (43.0%) had at least one bacterial infection. The prevalence of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Campylobacter spp. was 33.0% (n = 99), 15.0% (n = 45) and 4.3% (n = 13), respectively. The prevalence of any bacterial infection did not differ significantly between HIV-infected (45.3%, n = 68) and HIV-uninfected patients (40.7%, = 61) (p = 0.414). Overall, having 2-3 symptoms of enteric disease (p = 0.008) and a basic education (p = 0.030) were factors associated with bacterial infection. Of the 148 patients for whom HIV-1 RNA levels were available, 115 had copy numbers ≤ 75. Another 13 had levels between 76 and 1,000 and the remaining 20 had an average of 327,218.45 copies/ml. Bivariate logistic regression found that Shigella spp. were associated with HIV (p = 0.038), although no association was found in the multivariate analysis. Enteric infections are common in both HIV-infected and -uninfected patients. Low schooling influences the occurrence of enteric infections, which highlights the need to raise awareness about their prevention.
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