ReviewCanadian journal of pain = Revue canadienne de la douleur2023
The Efficacy of Graded Motor Imagery and Its Components on Phantom Limb Pain and Disability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Review in Canadian journal of pain = Revue canadienne de la douleur, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06167330 (TITAN), which is not on this map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
TITAN: a Randomised Controlled Trial Investigating the Effectiveness of Two Treatment Programs for Reducing Phantom Limb Pain Intensity and Its Interference with Function
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Graded Motor Imagery (GRAMI Protocol) for Phantom Limb Pain: A Randomised Clinical Trial of Home-Based Intervention.European journal of pain (London, England) · 2026Trial
- Graded motor imagery as an adjunct to comprehensive physiotherapy in chronic rotator cuff-related pain: a single blind randomized controlled trial.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025Trial
- Occupational Therapy as Integral Partner in Lower Limb Amputation Rehabilitation: A Clinical Commentary.Occupational therapy in health care · 2026Article
- The Effect of Motor Imagery Ability on Function and Proprioception in Myoelectric Prosthesis Users: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Occupational Therapy Treatment Associated with Graded Motor Imagery (GMI) for the Recovery of Hand Function in Patients with Acquired Brain Injuries: Outcome Research.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Treating Lower Phantom Limb Pain in the Postoperative Acute Care Setting Using Virtual Reality: Protocol for a 4-Phase Development and Feasibility Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- The Effects of Motor Imagery on Trapeziometacarpal Osteoarthritis in Women During the Post-Surgical Immobilization Period: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Anticipated Barriers and Facilitators to Engaging in a Novel Virtual Reality Program for Lower Phantom Limb Pain.Journal of medical extended reality · 2025Article
- Evaluating Mirror Therapy Protocols in Phantom Limb Pain Clinical Trials: A Scoping Review.Journal of pain research · 2025Review
- Treating Lower Phantom Limb Pain in the Postoperative Acute Care Setting Through a Virtual Reality-Based Graded Motor Imagery Program: A Case Series.Journal of medical extended reality · 2025Article
- A Computational Framework for Understanding the Impact of Prior Experiences on Pain Perception and Neuropathic Pain.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Graded Motor Imagery (GMI) is a non-invasive and inexpensive therapy used to treat Phantom Limb Pain (PLP) by sequentially activating motor networks in such a way that movement and pain are unpaired. The objective of this systematic review was to critically appraise relevant data on the efficacy of GMI and its components for reducing PLP and disability in amputees. Methods: We searched 11 electronic databases for controlled trials investigating GMI and its components in amputees with PLP from inception until February 2023. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted relevant data. Study-level data were entered using the inverse variance function of the Review Manager 5 and pooled with the random effects model. Results: Eleven studies with varying risk of bias were eligible. No eligible study considered left/right judgement tasks in isolation. Studies showed no effect for imagined movements, but positive effects were seen for GMI [weighted mean difference: -21.29 (95%CI: -31.55, -11.02), I Conclusion: Our findings suggest that GMI and mirror therapy may be effective for reducing PLP. However, this conclusion was drawn from a limited body of evidence, and the certainty of the evidence was very low. Therefore, rigorous, high-quality trials are needed to address the gap in the literature and inform practice.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.