ArticleJournal of materials science. Materials in medicine2023
Papaverine loaded injectable and thermosensitive hydrogel system for improving survival of rat dorsal skin flaps.
Article in Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomaterial-based extracellular vesicle delivery systems for wound healing: From fabrication to applications.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Regenerative Approach for Improving Flap Survival: Perspective of Angiogenesis.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Successful rescue of the amputated glans penis placed as a composite graft and the application of continuous papaverine: A case report.International journal of surgery case reports · 2025Article
- An Experimental and Clinical Study of Flap Monitoring with an Analysis of the Clinical Course of the Flap Using an Infrared Thermal Camera.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Vasospasm during reconstructive microsurgery is a common, uncertain, and devastating phenomena concerning flap survival. Topical vasodilators as antispasmodic agents are widely used to reduce vasospasm and enhance microvascular anastomosis in reconstructive microsurgery. In this study, thermo-responsive hydrogel (CNH) was fabricated by grafting chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) to poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM). Papaverine, an anti-spasmodic agent, was then loaded to evaluate its effect on rat skin flap survival. Post-operative flap survival area and water content of rat dorsal skin flap were measured at 7 days after intradermal application of control hydrogel (CNHP0.0) and papaverine loaded hydrogel (CNHP0.4). Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine oxidative stress in flaps. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to evaluate flap angiogenesis and inflammatory markers. Results showed that CNHP0.4 hydrogel could reduce tissue edema (35.63 ± 4.01%), improve flap survival area (76.30 ± 5.39%), increase SOD activity and decrease MDA content. Consequently, it also increased mean vessel density, upregulated expression of CD34 and VEGF, decreased macrophage infiltration, and reduced CD68 and CCR7 expression based on IHC staining. Overall, these results indicate that CNHP0.4 hydrogel can enhance angiogenesis with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects and promote skin flap survival by preventing vascular spasm.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.