SynthesisAnnals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials2023
The efficacy and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines around the world: a mini-review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Globally approved vaccines for COVID-19: a systematic review.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2025Pooled it
- Death and ICU Admission Associated with Sars-Cov-2 Variants in Immunocompromised Hospitalised Individuals: A National Observational Study.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Vaccination and Health Outcomes Among Adults With an Intellectual Disability in British Columbia, Canada.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2026Article
- Review
- Retrospective neutralization analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants in early pandemic sera.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The era of "Infectious Diseases+" has arrived: multi-disciplinary integration in pediatric infectious disease prevention and control.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- The Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on HR-HPV Persistence and Cervical Cytology Outcomes: A Retrospective Study.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Retrospective Cohort Analysis of Survival After SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Vaccination Status in Jamaica, April-December 2021.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Mathematical modeling of public health policy for international travelers (PHPIT): a case study of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Neutralizing antibody responses to the primary series of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in the cancer cohort under active treatment.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Review
- The Mirror of Erised: a retrospective population-wide study of Czech all-cause mortality data by COVID-19 vaccination status.BMC public health · 2025Article
- NETosis: A key player in autoimmunity, COVID-19, and long COVID.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2025Review
- Identifying risk factors and predicting long COVID in a Spanish cohort.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Age- and disease severity-associated changes in the nasopharyngeal microbiota of COVID-19 patients.iScience · 2025Article
- Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccination and Related Factors Among People who Inject Drugs, San Francisco, 2022.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- Self-Reported Adverse Events Following COVID-19 Vaccination Among Medical Sciences Students After a Symptomatology Training Program: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- COVID-19 Vaccines Effectiveness and Safety in Trinidad and Tobago: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Primary Health Care Challenges in Managing Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases: A Comprehensive Literature Review.Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · 2025Review
- Patterns of restricted TCR usage following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and severe disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis meta-analysis evaluated the Efficacy and Effectiveness of several COVID-19 vaccines, including AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Moderna, Bharat, and Johnson & Johnson, to better estimate their immunogenicity, benefits, or side effects.
methodsStudies reporting the Efficacy and Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines from November 2020 to April 2022 were included. The pooled Effectiveness/Efficacy with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) with Metaprop order was calculated. The results were presented in forest plots. Predefined subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were also performed.
resultsA total of twenty articles were included in this meta-analysis. After the first dose of the vaccine, the total effectiveness of all COVID-19 vaccines in our study was 71% (95% CI 0.65, 0.78). The total effectiveness of vaccines after the second dose was 91% (95% CI 0.88, 0.94)). The total efficacy of vaccines after the first and second doses was 81% (95% CI 0.70, 0.91) and 71% (95% CI 0.62, 0.79), respectively. The effectiveness of the Moderna vaccine after the first and second dose was the highest among other studied vaccines ((74% (95% CI, 0.65, 0.83) and 93% (95% CI, 0.89, 0.97), respectively). The highest first dose overall effectiveness of the studied vaccines was against the Gamma variant (74% (95% CI, 0.73, 0.75)), and the highest effectiveness after the second dose was observed against the Beta variant (96% (95% CI, 0.96, 0.96)). The Efficacy for AstraZeneca and Pfizer vaccines after the first dose was 78% (95% CI, 0.62, 0.95) and 84% (95% CI, 0.77, 0.92), respectively. The second dose Efficacy for AstraZeneca, Pfizer, and Bharat was 67% (95% CI, 0.54, 0.80), 93% (95% CI, 0.85, 1.00), and 71% (95% CI, 0.61, 0.82), respectively. The overall efficacy of first and second dose vaccination against the Alfa variant was 84% (95% CI, 0.84, 0.84) and 77% (95% CI, 0.57, 0.97), respectively, the highest among other variants.
conclusionmRNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 showed the highest total efficacy and effectiveness than other vaccines. In general, administering the second dose produced a more reliable response and higher effectiveness than a single dose.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.