ReviewClinical & translational immunology2023
Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: moving from questions of association to questions of mechanism.
Review in Clinical & translational immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and efficacy of teriflunomide on clinical course, and laboratory findings in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: a triple-blind study.Journal of neurology · 2025Trial
- Multiple Sclerosis and Viruses: « Liaisons Dangereuses ».Reviews in medical virology · 2026Review
- EBNA1Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Epstein-Barr Virus and Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanistic Insights into Virus-Driven Autoimmunity.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Epstein-Barr virus and oral health: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, and diagnostic insights: a narrative review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- EBV Dysregulation Is Associated With Immune Imbalance in Multiple Sclerosis: Evidence From Integrated Viral and Host Analyses.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Clinical, imaging, and immunotherapeutic features in MOGAD: a retrospective real-world cohort in Northern China.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Article
- Nanomedicine for Cancer and Autoimmune Immunotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Epstein-Barr Virus miRNAs in Multiple Sclerosis: Unveiling their role in Immune Regulation and Potential for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Innovation.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- New Horizons for Multiple Sclerosis Therapy: 2025 and Beyond.Annals of neurology · 2025Review
- Advancements in multiple sclerosis.Internal medicine journal · 2025Review
- Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: lesson learned to develop better nonhuman primate models.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Multiple sclerosis and infection: history, EBV, and the search for mechanism.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Antibody reactivity against EBNA1 and GlialCAM differentiates multiple sclerosis patients from healthy controls.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Revisiting the Link Between HLA-DRB1 Alleles and Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Association of non-Shared Epitope Alleles *09 and *15 With High Levels of Anti-Citrullinated Peptide/Protein Antibodies.ACR open rheumatology · 2025Article
- Connecting the dots: Presentation of EBV antigens on HLA class II risk alleles connects the two main risk factors of multiple sclerosis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Latent microbial infections leading to myelin and axonal damage in multiple sclerosis: A narrative review.Current journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Risk of multiple sclerosis in individuals with infectious mononucleosis: a national population-based cohort study using hospital records in England, 2003-2023.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2024Article
- EBV-specific T-cell immunity: relevance for multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Global perspectives on the contribution of B cells to multiple sclerosis: an in-depth examination and evaluation.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The link between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis (MS) has puzzled researchers since it was first discovered over 40 years ago. Until that point, EBV was primarily viewed as a cancer-causing agent, but the culmination of evidence now shows that EBV has a pivotal role in development of MS. Early MS disease is characterised by episodic neuroinflammation and focal lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) that over time develop into progressive neurodegeneration and disability. Risk of MS is vanishingly low in EBV seronegative individuals, history of infectious mononucleosis (acute symptomatic primary infection with EBV) significantly increases risk and elevated antibody titres directed against EBV antigens are well-characterised in patients. However, the underlying mechanism - or mechanisms - responsible for this interplay remains to be fully elucidated; how does EBV-induced immune dysregulation either trigger or drive MS in susceptible individuals? Furthermore, deep understanding of virological and immunological events during primary infection and long-term persistence in B cells will help to answer the many questions that remain regarding MS pathogenesis. This review discusses the current evidence and mechanisms surrounding EBV and MS, which have important implications for the future of MS therapies and prevention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.