ArticleClinical and experimental otorhinolaryngology2023
Effects of Particulate Matter Exposure on the Eustachian Tube and Middle Ear Mucosa of Rats.
Article in Clinical and experimental otorhinolaryngology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation promotes recovery from otitis media by activating the α7nAChR-mediated anti-inflammatory pathway.Inflammation and regeneration · 2026Article
- Inflammatory Effects of Particulate Matter Exposure on the Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Mucosa in Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Reprogramming Macrophage Phenotypes With Photobiomodulation for Improved Inflammation Control in ENT Organ Tissues.Clinical and experimental otorhinolaryngology · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national epidemiology of otitis media in children from 1990 to 2021.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Global burden of childhood otitis media attributable to secondhand smoke from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesParticulate matter (PM) is a risk factor for various diseases. Recent studies have established an association between otitis media (OM) and PM exposure. To confirm this relationship, we developed a novel exposure model designed to control the concentration of PM, and we observed the effects of PM exposure on the Eustachian tube (ET) and middle ear mucosa of rats.
methodsForty healthy, 10-week-old, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3-day, 7-day, 14-day exposure, and control groups (each, n=10). The rats were exposed to incense smoke as the PM source for 3 hours per day. After exposure, bilateral ETs and mastoid bullae were harvested, and histopathological findings were compared using microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the middle ear mucosa of each group were compared using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
resultsIn the ET mucosa of the exposure group, the goblet cell count significantly increased after PM exposure (P=0.032). In the middle ear mucosa, subepithelial space thickening, increased angio-capillary tissue, and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed. Moreover, the thickness of the middle ear mucosa in the exposure groups increased compared to the control group (P<0.01). The TEM findings showed PM particles on the surface of the ET and middle ear mucosa, and RT-PCR revealed that messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IL-1β significantly increased in the 3-day and 7-day exposure groups compared to the control group (P=0.035). VEGF expression significantly increased in the 7-day exposure group compared to the control and 3-day exposure groups (P<0.01).
conclusionThe ET and middle ear mucosa of rats showed histopathologic changes after acute exposure to PM that directly reached the ET and middle ear mucosa. Therefore, acute exposure to PM may play a role in the development of OM.
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