ArticleThe Science of the total environment2023
Occurrence of and dermal exposure to benzene, toluene and styrene in sunscreen products marketed in the United States.
Article in The Science of the total environment, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Photo and Thermal Stable Lignin-Based Sunscreen Microcapsules.Chem & bio engineering · 2026Article
- Estimation of Dermal Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Feminine Hygiene Products: Integrating Measurement Data and Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) Model.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- A device for volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis from skin using heated dynamic headspace sampling.Journal of breath research · 2025Article
- Percutaneous Penetration and Dermal Exposure Risk Assessment of UV Absorbents in Sunscreens and Isolation Cosmetics.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2024Article
- Adult-Onset Transcriptomic Effects of Developmental Exposure to Benzene in Zebrafish (International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Why Don't They Want to Wear Sunscreen? An Observational Study of Anti-Sunscreen Messaging on TikTok.Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer CenterObservational
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene in personal care products is a topic of public health concern. Sunscreen products are extensively used to protect skin and hair from UV radiation from sun light. Nevertheless, little is known about exposure doses and risks of VOCs present in sunscreens. In this study, we determined the concentrations of and exposure to three VOCs, namely benzene, toluene and styrene, in 50 sunscreen products marketed in the United States. Benzene, toluene and styrene were found in 80 %, 92 % and 58 %, respectively, of the samples analyzed at mean concentrations of 45.8 ng/g (range: 0.007-862), 89.0 ng/g (range: 0.006-470) and 161 ng/g (range: 0.006-1650), respectively. The mean dermal exposure doses (DEDs) to benzene, toluene and styrene of children/teenagers were 68.3, 133 and 441 ng/kg-bw/d, respectively, whereas those of adults were 48.7, 94.6 and 171 ng/kg-bw/d, respectively. The lifetime cancer risk from benzene concentrations present in 22 sunscreen products (44 % of the samples) for children/teenagers and 19 sunscreen products (38 %) for adults, exceeded the acceptable benchmark risk level (1.0 × 10
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