ArticleCardiovascular research2023
Transforming growth factor-β2 is associated with atherosclerotic plaque stability and lower risk for cardiovascular events.
Article in Cardiovascular research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanism of Shuangshen Xionglian Granule in Attenuating EndMT in Atherosclerosis via the FGFR1-TGF-β/Smad2 Axis.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Article
- Short-term mTOR inhibition by rapamycin improves cardiac and endothelial function in older men: a proof-of concept pilot study.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Circulating biomarkers of carotid plaque vulnerability: current evidence, emerging markers, and barriers to clinical implementation.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Elevated Asporin expression in human atherosclerotic plaques promotes their stability and reduces the risk for cardiovascular events.Cardiovascular research · 2026Article
- Role and mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic transition in diabetic macrovascular complications.Biological research · 2026Review
- TGF-β: The Molecular Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis - insights into SMAD Pathways and Gene Therapy Prospects.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Role of Glycolysis and Nitric Oxide Pathway Crosstalk in Macrophages in Atherosclerosis.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- The dual role of metabolic reprogramming in macrophage polarization in rheumatoid arthritis and coronary heart disease and the intervention strategy of traditional Chinese medicine.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Profiling of main regulators of angiogenesis and inflammation in human PBMC and plasma revealed associations with lower extremity artery disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- ADAMTS- 1 rs402007 Polymorphism Modulates Carotid Plaque Vulnerability and Atorvastatin Efficacy in Cerebral Infarction Patients.Translational stroke research · 2025Article
- Atherosclerosis-induced arterial erectile dysfunction: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies.Translational andrology and urology · 2025Review
- Combined Analysis of Human and Experimental Rat Samples Identified Biomarkers for Ischemic Stroke.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- The Putative Antidiabetic Effect ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Changes in Serum PDGF-C and TGF-β1 Levels After PCI in Premature Coronary Artery Disease: Combined Predictive Value for MACCE.International journal of general medicine · 2025Article
- Dysregulation of MMP2-dependent TGF-ß2 activation impairs fibrous cap formation in type 2 diabetes-associated atherosclerosis.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Vascular Extracellular Matrix in Atherosclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- SGLT2i improves kidney senescence by down-regulating the expression of LTBP2 in SAMP8 mice.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Article
- TGF-β Isoforms and GDF-15 in the Development and Progression of Atherosclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Media Modulate HUVEC Response to HBioMed research international · 2024Article
- Lipotoxicity as a therapeutic target in obesity and diabetic cardiomyopathy.Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsTransforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) exists in three isoforms TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3. TGF-β1 has been suggested to be important for maintaining plaque stability, yet the role of TGF-β2 and -β3 in atherosclerosis remains to be investigated.This study explores the association of the three isoforms of TGF-β with plaque stability in the human atherosclerotic disease. METHODS AND
resultsTGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 proteins were quantified in 223 human carotid plaques by immunoassays. Indications for the endarterectomy were: symptomatic carotid plaque with stenosis >70% or without symptoms and >80% stenosis. Plaque mRNA levels were assessed by RNA sequencing. Plaque components and extracellular matrix were measured histologically and biochemically. Matrix metalloproteinases and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was measured with immunoassays. The effect of TGF-β2 on inflammation and protease activity was investigated in vitro using THP-1 and RAW264.7 macrophages. Patients were followed longitudinally for cardiovascular (CV) events.TGF-β2 was the most abundant isoform and was increased at both protein and mRNA levels in asymptomatic plaques. TGF-β2 was the main determinant separating asymptomatic plaques in an Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis. TGF-β2 correlated positively to features of plaque stability and inversely to markers of plaque vulnerability. TGF-β2 was the only isoform inversely correlated to the matrix-degrading matrix metalloproteinase-9 and inflammation in the plaque tissue. In vitro, TGF-β2 pre-treatment reduced MCP-1 gene and protein levels as well as matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene levels and activity. Patients with plaques with high TGF-β2 levels had a lower risk to suffer from future CV events.
conclusionsTGF-β2 is the most abundant TGF-β isoform in human plaques and may maintain plaque stability by decreasing inflammation and matrix degradation.
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