ArticleGut microbes
Children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder share distinct microbiota compositions.
Article in Gut microbes. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inflammatory cytokine alterations in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Microbiome dynamics in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis decoding the role of gut dysbiosis and potential dietary interventions.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of nutritional supplements on gut microbiome in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.BMC nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Alterations in gut microbiota composition in neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of allogeneic umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells therapy in children with autism spectrum disorder and immune dysregulation: a single-center, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Trial
- Gut microbiome changes with micronutrient supplementation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the MADDY study.Gut microbes · 2025Trial
- Effect of Probiotics on the Symptomatology of Autism Spectrum Disorder and/or Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Pilot Study.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2025Trial
- Add-OnNutrients · 2024Trial
- Does the Gut Microbiota Play a Role in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Childhood? A Pilot Study From Turkey.Developmental neurobiology · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota Composition and Diversity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- The impact of obesity-related asthma on neurodevelopmental disorders in children: a cross-sectional study.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- The Gut Microbiome in Early Ontogeny: Implications for Brain and Immune System Development.Journal of developmental biology · 2026Review
- State-of-the-Art Review on Probiotics, Synbiotics, and Microbial Metabolites: Molecular Mechanisms Shaping Host Immunity, Metabolic Health, and Chronic Disease Prevention.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Review
- The relationship between the gut microbiota and neuropsychological development and behaviour during childhood and adolescence: a systematic review of epidemiological studies.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Review
- The Gut-Brain Axis as a Mediator of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Mechanistic Synthesis.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Review
- Vagus nerve-driven microbiota homeostasis: a promising integrative add-on therapy for neurodevelopmental disorders.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Oral microbiome dysbiosis in autism spectrum disorder: the oral-gut-brain axis and future perspectives: a narrative review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Epidemiological characteristics of comorbidities in childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and common comorbidity patterns.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Characteristics of gut microbiota in children with language developmental delay.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Occludin deficiency is associated with developmental impairment, locomotor dysfunction, and social deficiencies.Tissue barriers · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
An association has been suggested between altered gut microbiota, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), respectively. Thus, we analyzed the gut microbiota composition in children and adolescents with or without these disorders and evaluated the systemic effects of these bacteria. We recruited study participants diagnosed with ADHD, ASD, and comorbid ADHD/ASD, while the control groups consisted both of siblings and non-related children. The gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V4 region, while the concentration of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), cytokines, and other signaling molecules were measured in plasma. Importantly the gut microbiota compositions of cases with ADHD and ASD were highly similar for both alpha- and beta-diversity while differing from that of non-related controls. Furthermore, a subset of ADHD and ASD cases had an increased LBP concentration compared to non-affected children, which was positively correlated with interleukin (IL)-8, 12, and 13. These observations indicate disruption of the intestinal barrier and immune dysregulation among the subset of children with ADHD or ASD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.