ArticleBiology of sex differences2023
Sex-based differences in cardiovascular proteomic profiles and their associations with adverse outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-specific associations between pregnancy zone protein and acute coronary syndrome: a case-control study.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Atrial cardiomyopathy: From healthy atria to atrial failure. A clinical consensus statement of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC.European journal of heart failure · 2025Article
- Identification and replication of sex-dimorphic protein quantitative trait loci across multiple ancestries and their associations with diseases.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sex differences in proteomics of cardiovascular disease -International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2025Article
- Heterogeneous effects of genetic variants and traits associated with fasting insulin on cardiometabolic outcomes.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Plasma proteome and incident myocardial infarction: sex-specific differences.European heart journal · 2024Article
- Sex-specific cardiovascular protein levels and their link with clinical outcome in heart failure.ESC heart failure · 2024Article
- Cardiac risk and myocardial fibrosis assessment with cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with myotonic dystrophy.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundStudies focusing on sex differences in circulating proteins in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are scarce. Insight into sex-specific cardiovascular protein profiles and their associations with the risk of adverse outcomes may contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiological processes involved in HFrEF. Moreover, it could provide a basis for the use of circulating protein measurements for prognostication in women and men, wherein the most relevant protein measurements are applied in each of the sexes.
methodsIn 382 patients with HFrEF, we performed tri-monthly blood sampling (median follow-up: 25 [13-31] months). We selected all baseline samples and two samples closest to the primary endpoint (PEP: composite of cardiovascular death, heart transplantation, left ventricular assist device implantation, and HF hospitalization) or censoring. We then applied an aptamer-based multiplex proteomic assay identifying 1105 proteins previously associated with cardiovascular disease. We used linear regression models and gene-enrichment analysis to study sex-based differences in baseline levels. We used time-dependent Cox models to study differences in the prognostic value of serially measured proteins. All models were adjusted for the MAGGIC HF mortality risk score and p-values for multiple testing.
resultsIn 104 women and 278 men (mean age 62 and 64 years, respectively) cumulative PEP incidence at 30 months was 25% and 35%, respectively. At baseline, 55 (5%) out of the 1105 proteins were significantly different between women and men. The female protein profile was most strongly associated with extracellular matrix organization, while the male profile was dominated by regulation of cell death. The association of endothelin-1 (P
conclusionBaseline cardiovascular protein levels differ between women and men. However, the predictive value of repeatedly measured circulating proteins does not seem to differ except for endothelin-1 and somatostatin.
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