ArticleScience advances2023
High-precision monitoring of and feedback control over drug concentrations in the brains of freely moving rats.
Article in Science advances, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adaptive feedback control for the high-precision management of in-tissue drug concentrations.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Article
- Flexible Multimodal Neural Probe with Integrated Three-Electrode Aptameric Sensing for In Vivo Monitoring of Dopamine Dynamics and Neural Activity.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Advances and Challenges in Wearable Sensors for Health Monitoring.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Review
- Pharmacokinetics and concentration-behavioral effect relationships differ between brain subcompartments.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- A Minimally Invasive, Subcutaneous Biosensor Reliably Estimates Plasma Methotrexate Exposure and Quantifies Plasma-to-Tissue Transport Kinetics.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Seconds-Resolved Measurements of Vancomycin Transport from the Plasma to the Interstitial Fluid Highlight a Path Towards Real-Time Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Resilient nanostructured bioanalytic microneedle longitudinally monitors preclinical renal and hepatic drug clearance and dysfunction.Science translational medicine · 2026Article
- Continuous, Week-Long, Seconds-ResolvedJournal of the American Chemical Society · 2026Article
- Pilot phase clinical trial of a wearable, electrochemical aptamer-based patch for continuous drug concentration measurement.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- On the Design, Fabrication, and Operation of Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensors.ACS sensors · 2025Review
- On the Blood Components Contributing to the Drift of Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Biosensors.ACS sensors · 2025Article
- Article
- Simultaneous, Seconds-Resolved Doxorubicin Measurements in the Blood and Subcutaneous Interstitial Fluid Identify Quantitative Pharmacokinetic Relationships between the Two.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Article
- Feedback Control over Plasma Drug Concentrations Achieves Rapid and Accurate Control over Solid-Tissue Drug Concentrations.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Article
- Continuous Protein Sensing Using Fast-Dissociating Antibody Fragments in Competition-Based Biosensing by Particle Motion.ACS sensors · 2025Article
- Carboxylate-Terminated Electrode Surfaces Improve the Performance of Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensors.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2025Article
- Continuous Biosensing to Monitor Acute Systemic Inflammation, a Diagnostic Need for Therapeutic Guidance.ACS sensors · 2025Review
- Modular DNA origami-based electrochemical detection of DNA and proteins.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Examining the Relationship between Aptamer Complexity and Molecular Discrimination of a Low-Epitope Target.ACS central science · 2024Article
- HaloTag-Modified, Ferrocene Labeled Self-Assembled Monolayers for Protein Sensing.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Knowledge of drug concentrations in the brains of behaving subjects remains constrained on a number of dimensions, including poor temporal resolution and lack of real-time data. Here, however, we demonstrate the ability of electrochemical aptamer-based sensors to support seconds-resolved, real-time measurements of drug concentrations in the brains of freely moving rats. Specifically, using such sensors, we achieve <4 μM limits of detection and 10-s resolution in the measurement of procaine in the brains of freely moving rats, permitting the determination of the pharmacokinetics and concentration-behavior relations of the drug with high precision for individual subjects. In parallel, we have used closed-loop feedback-controlled drug delivery to hold intracranial procaine levels constant (±10%) for >1.5 hours. These results demonstrate the utility of such sensors in (i) the determination of the site-specific, seconds-resolved neuropharmacokinetics, (ii) enabling the study of individual subject neuropharmacokinetics and concentration-response relations, and (iii) performing high-precision control over intracranial drug levels.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.