ArticleBMJ open2023
Burden of cardiometabolic risk factors and preclinical target organ damage among adults in Freetown, Sierra Leone: a community-based health-screening survey.
Article in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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9 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of target organ damage in rural Kenya and The Gambia: a cross-sectional study.The Lancet regional health. Africa · 2026Article
- Health-system barriers and missed opportunities in cardiovascular care in Sierra Leone: a scoping review.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular sex differences and associated factors among adult population in Somaliland using insights from Somaliland demography and health survey.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2026Review
- Rising burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in Sierra Leone, 1990-2023: analysis of Global Burden of Disease 2023 estimates.BMJ neurology open · 2026Article
- Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Among Adults in a Rural Amazonian Peruvian Population.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Health-seeking behaviour, health service delivery and its perceived impact among stroke survivors in Sierra Leone: a longitudinal qualitative study embedded in the SISLE project.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Independent risk factors of left ventricular hypertrophy in non-diabetic individuals in Sierra Leone - a cross-sectional study.Lipids in health and disease · 2024Article
- Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and their risk factors in an informal settlement in Freetown, Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome among adults in freetown, Sierra Leone: A comparative analysis of NCEP ATP III, IDF and harmonized ATP III criteria.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs), target organ damage (TOD) and its associated factors among adults in Freetown, Sierra Leone.
designThis community-based cross-sectional study used a stratified multistage random sampling method to recruit adult participants.
settingThe health screening study was conducted between October 2019 and October 2021 in Western Area Urban, Sierra Leone.
participantsA total of 2394 adult Sierra Leoneans aged 20 years or older were enrolled. OUTCOME MEASURE: Anthropometric data, fasting lipid profiles, fasting plasma glucose, TOD, clinical profiles and demographic characteristics of participants were described. The cardiometabolic risks were further related to TOD.
resultsThe prevalence of known CMRFs was 35.3% for hypertension, 8.3% for diabetes mellitus, 21.1% for dyslipidaemia, 10.0% for obesity, 13.4% for smoking and 37.9% for alcohol. Additionally, 16.1% had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by ECG, 14.2% had LVH by two-dimensional echo and 11.4% had chronic kidney disease (CKD). The odds of developing ECG-LVH were higher with diabetes (OR=1.255, 95% CI (0.822 to 1.916) and dyslipidaemia (OR=1.449, 95% CI (0.834 to 2.518). Associated factors for higher odds of Left Ventricular Mass Index by echo were dyslipidaemia (OR=1.844, 95% CI (1.006 to 3.380)) and diabetes mellitus (OR=1.176, 95% CI (0.759 to 1.823)). The odds of having CKD were associated with diabetes mellitus (OR=1.212, 95% CI (0.741 to 1.983)) and hypertension (OR=1.163, 95% CI (0.887 to 1.525)). A low optimal cut-off point for ECG-LVH (male 24.5 mm vs female 27.5 mm) was required to maximise sensitivity and specificity by a receiver operating characteristics curve since the odds for LVH by ECG were low.
conclusionsThis study provides novel data-driven information on the burden of CMRF and its association with preclinical TOD in a resource-limited setting. It illustrates the need for interventions in improving cardiometabolic health screening and management in Sierra Leonean.
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