SynthesisJournal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine2023
Geographical Differences of Risk of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis according to Urban/Rural Area: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies.
Synthesis in Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Global Asthma Disparities: Deciphering the Multifaceted Environmental Exposome Between Eastern and Western Populations.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of Food Allergy and Its Association With Asthma Coexistence and Severity in Bangladeshi Schoolchildren: A GIS-Based Cross-Sectional Study.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Relative contributions of climate factors and air pollution to childhood allergic diseases in Chongqing, China.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Dupilumab Improves Lung Function and Reduces Severe Exacerbations in Patients from China with Type 2 Asthma: A Subgroup Analysis of a Phase 3 Randomized Trial.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2026Article
- Pollen-induced allergic rhinitis in the central region of Inner Mongolia, China: prevalence, risk factors, and regional characteristics.Frontiers in allergy · 2026Article
- The biodiversity theory of allergy: childhood exposure to natural environments and allergy risk.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- NOTCH pathway was involved in Kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside attenuated airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- From urban to alpine: environmental microbial transfer in urban adults - the ALM Study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Blockade of mTORC1 via Rapamycin Suppresses 27-Hydroxycholestrol-Induced Inflammatory Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Asthma Inception: Epidemiologic Risk Factors and Natural History Across the Life Course.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2024Review
- Evaluation of Allergic Conjunctivitis Prevalence and Attitude Toward Prevention and Control in Saudi Arabia.Cureus · 2024Article
- Rural Health Disparities in Allergy, Asthma, and Immunologic Diseases: The Current State and Future Direction for Clinical Care and Research.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2024Review
- The Primary Prevention of Atopy: Does Early Exposure to Cats and Dogs Prevent the Development of Allergy and Asthma in Children? A Comprehensive Analysis of the Literature.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
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9 authors.
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Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated an association between the risk asthma/allergic rhinitis and the environment. However, to date, no systematic review or meta-analysis has investigated these factors. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between urban/rural living and the risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis. We searched the Embase and Medline databases for relevant articles and included only cohort studies to observe the effects of time-lapse geographical differences. Papers containing information on rural/urban residence and respiratory allergic diseases were eligible for inclusion. We calculated the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using a 2 × 2 contingency table and used random effects to pool data. Our database search yielded 8388 records, of which 14 studies involving 50,100,913 participants were finally included. The risk of asthma was higher in urban areas compared to rural areas (RR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.12-1.44, p < 0.001), but not for the risk of allergic rhinitis (RR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.87-1.59, p = 0.30). The risk of asthma in urban areas compared to rural areas was higher in the 0-6 years and 0-18 years age groups, with RRs of 1.21 (95% CI, 1.01-1.46, p = 0.04) and 1.35 (95% CI, 1.12-1.63, p = 0.002), respectively. However, there was no significant difference in the risk of asthma between urban and rural areas for children aged 0-2 years, with a RR of 3.10 (95% CI, 0.44-21.56, p = 0.25). Our study provides epidemiological evidence for an association between allergic respiratory diseases, especially asthma, and urban/rural living. Future research should focus on identifying the factors associated with asthma in children living in urban areas. The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021249578).
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