ReviewBiomedicines2023
Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of Animal Experiments in Anticancer Drug Development: The Contribution of 3D In Vitro Cancer Models in the Drug Efficacy Assessment.
Review in Biomedicines, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review: predictive value of organoids in colorectal cancer.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Computational Identification of Potential RSV L-RdRp Inhibitors with Predicted Superior Activity and Safety Profiles over Remdesivir Using QSAR Modeling, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Targeting the CAF-GDF15 axis attenuates AKT-mediated mitochondrial rewiring and chemoradiation resistance in esophageal adenocarcinoma.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Article
- Necroptosis triggers inflammatory interferon signatures in patient-derived metastatic breast cancer organoids.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence Across the Drug Development Lifecycle.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Discovery of potential RSV fusion protein inhibitors from benzimidazole derivatives using QSAR, molecular docking, and ADMET evaluation methods.Molecular diversity · 2026Article
- Breast Cancer Multicellular Spheroid Models-A Tool for Studying Cancer Biology; a Possible Platform for Drug Screening and Personalized Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Integrated light and electron microscopy workflow for morphological, molecular and ultrastructural analysis of spheroids.PloS one · 2026Article
- Gaps and paths forward in cancer pharmacology and translational research.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Transmission electron microscopic analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell spheres formed in 3D cultures.Medical molecular morphology · 2025Article
- Formulation Strategies for Immunomodulatory Natural Products in 3D Tumor Spheroids and Organoids: Current Challenges and Emerging Solutions.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Assessment of Anticancer Effects of Aloe vera on 3D Liver Tumor Spheroids in a Microfluidic Platform.Biotechnology and bioengineering · 2025Article
- Exploring Mechanical Features of 3D Head and Neck Cancer Models.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Review
- Modification in Structures of Active Compounds in Anticancer Mitochondria-Targeted Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- Assessment of the Anti-adipogenic Effect ofCurrent pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2025Article
- Biomedical applications of organoids derived from the digestive system.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Applying 3D cultures and high-throughput technologies to study host-pathogen interactions.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the last decades three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cancer models have been proposed as a bridge between bidimensional (2D) cell cultures and in vivo animal models, the gold standards in the preclinical assessment of anticancer drug efficacy. 3D in vitro cancer models can be generated through a multitude of techniques, from both immortalized cancer cell lines and primary patient-derived tumor tissue. Among them, spheroids and organoids represent the most versatile and promising models, as they faithfully recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of human cancers. Although their recent applications include drug screening programs and personalized medicine, 3D in vitro cancer models have not yet been established as preclinical tools for studying anticancer drug efficacy and supporting preclinical-to-clinical translation, which remains mainly based on animal experimentation. In this review, we describe the state-of-the-art of 3D in vitro cancer models for the efficacy evaluation of anticancer agents, focusing on their potential contribution to replace, reduce and refine animal experimentations, highlighting their strength and weakness, and discussing possible perspectives to overcome current challenges.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.