ReviewFrontiers in immunology2023
T follicular helper cells and T follicular regulatory cells in autoimmune diseases.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular Biomarkers in Prediction of High-Grade Transformation and Outcome in Patients with Follicular Lymphoma: A Comprehensive Systemic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Regulation of follicular helper T cell subset differentiation in health and disease.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Antibody-Based Therapeutics in Autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Neutrophils induce effective antibody responses to the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine by inhibiting T regulatory cells.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2026Article
- IL-6-induced C/EBPα drives follicular regulatory T cell differentiation to regulate humoral immunity in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Immunological Mechanisms and Machine Learning Applications in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Narrative Review.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Bioengineered anti-EpCAM-guided exosome nanocarriers delivering Foxp3 agonist butyrate achieve tissue-specific immunomodulation in autoimmune Sjögren's syndrome.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Small particles of Echinococcus granulosus (spegs) and Echinococcus multilocularis (spems) promote follicular T helper cell expansion and are associated with IgE and IgG4 class switching in human lymph nodes.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Elevated Peripheral CD161ACR open rheumatology · 2026Article
- FASN-mediated metabolic reprogramming drives CD4Arthritis research & therapy · 2026Article
- Analysis of CCR9, CXCR5 and ICOS in Circulating Follicular Helper T Cell-like Populations in Sjögren's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Refractory immune cytopenia successfully treated with mycophenolate mofetil in four adolescents with del22q11.2 syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Indigenous knowledge and modern science: a comprehensive review of phytochemicals inFrontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Regulatory T cells in bullous pemphigoid: biological characteristics, dysfunction, and pathogenic roles.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- T cell-mediated immunodysregulation in multiple sclerosis: from pathogenic subsets to therapeutic advances.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- From Demyelination to Intervention: Natural Compounds as Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Multiple Sclerosis Neuroinflammation.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- Immunopathogenesis of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: from innate and adaptive dysregulation to clinical implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The interaction between dendritic cells and T follicular helper cells drives inflammatory bowel disease: a review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immunological dysregulation of follicular helper T cells, follicular regulatory T cells, and follicular cytotoxic T cells is associated with disease activity and identifies exploratory immune patterns in rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The Gut Microbiota: Emerging Evidence in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are heterogeneous and mainly characterized by expressing surface markers CXCR5, ICOS, and PD-1; cytokine IL-21; and transcription factor Bcl6. They are crucial for B-cell differentiation into long-lived plasma cells and high-affinity antibody production. T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells were described to express markers of conventional T regulatory (Treg) cells and Tfh cells and were able to suppress Tfh-cell and B-cell responses. Evidence has revealed that the dysregulation of Tfh and Tfr cells is positively associated with the pathogenic processes of autoimmune diseases. Herein, we briefly introduce the phenotype, differentiation, and function of Tfh and Tfr cells, and review their potential roles in autoimmune diseases. In addition, we discuss perspectives to develop novel therapies targeting Tfh/Tfr balance.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.