ArticleEnvironmental science & technology2023
Centurial Persistence of Forever Chemicals at Military Fire Training Sites.
Article in Environmental science & technology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Assessment of ovarian dysfunction induced by environmental toxins: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Runoff and Groundwater following Biosolids Land Application.ACS ES&T water · 2026Article
- PFAS Mixture Composition and Internal Exposure Profiles Shape Biological Responses under Field-Realistic Exposure.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Relative Importance of Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in AFFF-Impacted Soils.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- PFAS and One Health: integrating human, animal, and environmental perspectives.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- Presence of Legacy and Emerging PFAS in Human Liver Specimens Banked in the United States from 2000 to 2024.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- The PFAS roadmap-Navigating a path together to improved management.Sustainability science and technology · 2026Article
- Associations between PFAS in public water system drinking water and serum among Southern California adults.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Orally-administered beta-cyclodextrin as a novel countermeasure for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid toxicity in mice.Toxicology communications · 2026Article
- Large declines in organofluorine contamination indicated by subarctic marine mammal tissues.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Effects of Organic Matter, Iron (Hydr)oxides, and Iron Reductive Dissolution on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Sorption to Aqueous Film-Forming Foam-Impacted Solids.Environmental science & technology letters · 2026Article
- The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in ovarian development, function, xenobiotic metabolism, and disease†.Biology of reproduction · 2026Review
- Identifying the known and unknown health hazard information for chemical disasters: a phased scoping review of the East Palestine, Ohio train derailment.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2025Article
- Liver and Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Proteins Are Not Critical for Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) Tissue Distribution and Elimination in Mice.Chemical research in toxicology · 2025Article
- Harnessing Fluorine Chemistry: Strategies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Removal and Enrichment.ChemPlusChem · 2025Review
- Perfluorinated carbon chain length drives uptake of diverse Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in field-deployed passive samplers.ACS ES&T water · 2025Article
- Complete aqueous defluorination of PFAS in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) by pulsed electrolysis with tailored potential modulation.RSC advances · 2025Article
- A High Efficiency Method for the Extraction and Quantitative Analysis of 45 PFAS in Whole Fish.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Selective Quantification of Charged and Neutral Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Using the Total Oxidizable Precursor (TOP) Assay.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Investigation of Transformation Pathways of Polyfluoroalkyl Substances during Chlorine Disinfection.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Drinking water contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is widespread near more than 300 United States (U.S.) military bases that used aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) for fire training and firefighting activities. Much of the PFAS at these sites consist of precursors that can transform into terminal compounds of known health concern but are omitted from standard analytical methods. Here, we estimate the expected duration and contribution of precursor biotransformation to groundwater PFAS contamination at an AFFF-contaminated military base on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, United States, by optimizing a geochemical box model using measured PFAS concentrations from a multidecadal time series of groundwater and a soil survey in the source zone. A toolbox of analytical techniques used to reconstruct the mass budget of PFAS showed that precursors accounted for 46 ± 8% of the extractable organofluorine (a proxy for total PFAS) across years. Terminal PFAS still exceed regulatory limits by 2000-fold decades after AFFF use ceased. Measurements and numerical modeling show that sulfonamido precursors are retained in the vadose zone and their slow biotransformation into perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (half-life > 66 yr) sustains groundwater concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS). The estimated PFAS reservoir in the vadose zone and modeled flux into groundwater suggest PFAS contamination above regulatory guidelines will persist for centuries without remediation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.