Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37180913›Full record

ArticleHeliyon2023

Permissible viewing times of educational projector and TV.

Pei-Chung Tsai, Ming-Hui Cheng, Bo-Hsun Peng, Jwo-Huei Jou, Yun-Hsin Cheng, Yi-Chen Ku, Hsin-Ya Chiu, Ming-Li Chou, Po-Ting Yeh

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Heliyon, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Pei-Chung TsaiDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.
Ming-Hui ChengDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.
Bo-Hsun PengDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.
Jwo-Huei JouDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.
Yun-Hsin ChengShu-Guang Girls' Senior High School, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.
Yi-Chen KuShu-Guang Girls' Senior High School, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.
Hsin-Ya ChiuShu-Guang Girls' Senior High School, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.
Ming-Li ChouShu-Guang Girls' Senior High School, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.
Po-Ting YehDepartment of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Projectors have become one major medium in modern teaching, with large area-size displays emerging as an alternative. What concerns the general public is whether such eLearning would impose threat on eyes, by noting blue enriched white light to be hazardous to retina and else. Especially, little was known about their permissible viewing time under a certain viewing clarity. We had hence carried out a quantitative study with the use of a blue-hazard quantification spectrometer to determine the permissible viewing time when using a projector and a large size TV screen for displaying. Surprisingly, the large TV screen could permit a much longer viewing time, meaning which is more eye-friendly. It is plausibly because its resolution is much higher than that of the projector. Two dilemmas were observed in such eLearning; those sitting in the front would suffer a much higher illuminance, leading to a much shorter viewing time, while those sitting in the back would need a far much larger font size to see clearly. To ensure both viewing clarity and a sufficiently long permissible viewing time, orange text on black background is suggested to replace the defaulted black text on white background. The permissible viewing time could hence drastically increase from 1.3 to 83 h at 2 m by viewing a 30 pt font for the TV and from 0.4 to 54 h for the projection. At 6 m, the permissible viewing time was increased from 12 to 236 h for the TV and from 3 to 160 h for the projection, based on a viewable 94 pt font. These results may help educators and other e-display users to wisely apply the display tools with safety.

Indexed as

eLearningMedia in educationPermissible viewing timeProjectorTVViewing clarity

Identifiers

PMID37180913
PMCPMC10173401

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.