Object Affordance-Based Implicit Interaction for Wheelchair-Mounted Robotic Arm Using a Laser Pointer.

With the growth of the world's population, limited healthcare resources cannot provide adequate nursing services for all people in need. The wheelchair-mounted robotic arm (WMRA) with interactive technology could help to improve users' self-care ability and relieve nursing stress. However, the users struggle to control the WMRA due to complex operations. To use the WMRA with less burden, this paper proposes an object affordance-based implicit interaction technology using a laser pointer. Firstly, a laser semantic identification algorithm combined with the YOLOv4 and the support vector machine (SVM) is designed to identify laser semantics. Then, an implicit action intention reasoning algorithm, based on the concept of object affordance, is explored to infer users' intentions and learn their preferences. For the purpose of performing the actions about task intention in the scene, the dynamic movement primitives (DMP) and the finite state mechanism (FSM) are respectively used to generalize the trajectories of actions and reorder the sequence of actions in the template library. In the end, we verified the feasibility of the proposed technology on a WMRA platform. Compared with the previous method, the proposed technology can output the desired intention faster and significantly reduce the user's limb involvement time (about 85%) in operating the WMRA under the same task.