An Adaptive TTT Handover (ATH) Mechanism for Dual Connectivity (5G mmWave-LTE Advanced) during Unpredictable Wireless Channel Behavior.

Vigneswara Rao Gannapathy, Rosdiadee Nordin, Asma Abu-Samah, Nor Fadzilah Abdullah, Mahamod Ismail

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Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 authors.

Vigneswara Rao GannapathyDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0002-7113-7317

Rosdiadee NordinDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0001-9254-2023

Asma Abu-SamahDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0001-8514-1459

Nor Fadzilah AbdullahDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0002-6593-5603

Mahamod IsmailDepartment of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0002-5509-5735

Funding

United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research FA2386-21-1-4073

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Fifth Generation (5G) signals using the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrums are highly vulnerable to blockage due to rapid variations in channel link quality. This can cause the devices or User Equipment (UE) to suffer from connection failure. In a dual connectivity (DC) network, the channel's intermittency issues were partially solved by maintaining the UE's connectivity to primary (LTE advanced stations) and secondary (5G mmWave stations) simultaneously. Even though the dual-connected network performs excellently in maintaining connectivity, its performance drops significantly due to the inefficient handover from one 5G mmWave station to another. The situation worsens when UE travels a long distance in a highly dense obstacle environment, which requires multiple ineffective handovers that eventually lead to performance degradation. This research aimed to propose an Adaptive TTT Handover (ATH) mechanism that deals with unpredictable 5G mmWave wireless channel behaviors that are highly intermittent. An adaptive algorithm was developed to automatically adjust the handover control parameters, such as Time-to-Trigger (TTT), based on the current state of channel condition measured by the Signal-to-Interference-Noise Ratio (SINR). The developed algorithm was tested under a 5G mmWave statistical channel model to represent a time-varying channel matrix that includes fading and the Doppler effect. The performance of the proposed handover mechanism was analyzed and evaluated in terms of handover probability, latency, and throughput by using the Network Simulator 3 tool. The comparative simulation result shows that the proposed adaptive handover mechanism performs excellently compared to conventional handovers and other enhancement techniques.

Indexed as

5G mmWavedual-connectivityhandoverhandover margin (HOM)latencymulti-RATNetwork Simulator 3 (NS3)throughputTime-to-Trigger (TTT)

Identifiers

PMID37177560

DOI10.3390/s23094357

PMCPMC10181501

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