ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2023
Ocular Surface Changes in Treatment-Naive Thyroid Eye Disease.
Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meibomian gland dysfunction in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Reference Estimates of Mean Tear Film Lipid Layer Thickness Measured with LipiViewJournal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Clinical characteristics of dry eye patients with thyroid disorders: a cross-sectional study.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Research progress on the immune mechanism of thyroid-related eye disease combined with dry eye.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2025Article
- Thyroid Eye Disease: Advancements in Orbital and Ocular Pathology Management.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Ocular surface and meibomian gland evaluation in euthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy.International ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Ocular surface disease index in Graves' orbitopathy: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the association of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and ocular surface exposure with tear film instability in untreated thyroid eye disease (TED) patients.
methodsA cross-sectional study of TED patients from September 2020 to September 2022 was conducted. Ocular surface parameters included ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear meniscus height (TMH), non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT), partial blinking rate, lipid layer thickness (LLT), meibomian gland dropout (meiboscore), Schirmer's test, and corneal punctate epithelial erosions (PEE). Ocular surface exposure was assessed by the margin reflex distances of the upper and lower eyelid (MRD1 and MRD2), the amount of exophthalmos, lateral flare, and lagophthalmos.
resultsIn total, 152 eyes from 76 TED patients (64 females and 12 males, age 42.99 ± 12.28 years) and 93 eyes from 61 healthy controls (51 females and 10 males, age 43.52 ± 17.93 years) were examined. Compared with control eyes, TED eyes had higher OSDI, TMH, LLT, and PEE; shorter NITBUT; and worse meiboscore (all
conclusionsDry eye in TED is mainly manifested as evaporative dry eye disease. Severe lower eyelid MGD and worse lagophthalmos were significantly associated with tear film instability in treatment-naive TED patients.
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Registered trials
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