ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2023
Uremic Toxin Indoxyl Sulfate Promotes Macrophage-Associated Low-Grade Inflammation and Epithelial Cell Senescence.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Indoxyl Sulfate and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Modulating effects of microbiota on synbiotic intervention outcomes for microbiota-derived trimethylamine, trimethylamine N-oxide and indoxyl sulfate in healthy young medical students: insights from a 12-week randomized clinical trial.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Trial
- Gut Dysbiosis, Uremic Toxins, and NLRP3 Signaling in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Mechanistic Evidence to Clinical Biomarker Evaluation.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Microbiome-derived metabolites shape CD4+ T cell differentiation and immune aging in HIV-1 infection.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Treating Hyperuricemia: Natural Products as Interventions.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Redox Network Failure in Chronic Kidney Disease: Hydrogen Sulfide Deficiency, Reactive Sulfur Species Dysregulation and the Uremic Toxin-AhR-Mitochondrial Axis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Gut-Kidney-Metabolic Axis: Impact of Gut-Derived Uremic Toxins on Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Kidney Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Bridging gut microbiota and renal health: Klotho as a promising therapeutic agent in DKD.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- The gut-heart axis in coronary artery disease: a scoping and narrative review of sex-based microbial and metabolic disparities.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Innovative Insights into Interleukin-Mediated Macrophage Polarization: Metabolic Reprogramming and Inflammatory Pathway Crosstalk in Chronic Kidney Disease and Therapeutic Implications-A Narrative Review.International journal of general medicine · 2026Review
- A guide to uraemic toxicity.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- Microbiota-associated metabolic networks in gut-kidney communication and renal immune regulation: mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Identification of immune-mediated aging genes associated with cervical spondylosis through single-cell eQTL Mendelian randomization.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota and kidney aging: insights into current research.Nutrition & metabolism · 2025Review
- The antimicrobial metabolite nisin Z reduces intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates the cecal microbiome in ApcMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Food Sensitization Is Associated With Atopic Dermatitis Severity, Gut-Derived Metabolites and Leaky Gut in Adults.Clinical and translational allergy · 2025Article
- The Non-Traditional Cardiovascular Culprits in Chronic Kidney Disease: Mineral Imbalance and Uremic Toxin Accumulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Multi-omics analysis of bariatric surgery's impact on type 2 diabetes and prediabetes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the impact of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate on macrophages and tubular epithelial cells and its role in modulating the response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Indoxyl sulfate accumulates in the blood of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is a predictor of overall and cardiovascular morbidity/mortality. To simulate the uremic condition, primary macrophages and tubular epithelial cells were incubated with indoxyl sulfate at low concentrations as well as concentrations found in uremic patients, both alone and upon LPS challenge. The results showed that indoxyl sulfate alone induced the release of reactive oxygen species and low-grade inflammation in macrophages. Moreover, combined with LPS (proinflammatory conditions), indoxyl sulfate significantly increased TNF-α, CCL2, and IL-10 release but did not significantly affect the polarization of macrophages. Pre-treatment with indoxyl sulfate following LPS challenge induced the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.