Redesigning Carbon-Carbon Backbone Polymers for Biodegradability-Compostability at the End-of-Life Stage.

Carbon-carbon backbone polymers are non-biodegradable, persistent plastics that have accumulated on land and oceans due to human activities. They degrade and fragment into microplastics and smaller particle sizes but do not biodegrade at an acceptable and practical rate. Their continual buildup in the natural environment precipitates serious detrimental impacts on human health and the environment, as extensively documented in the literature and media. Nearly 77% of global plastics produced are carbon-carbon backbone polymers. More importantly, 90% of packaging plastics (153.8 million metric tons) are non-biodegradable, persistent carbon-carbon backbone polymers. The recycling rate of these non-durable packaging plastics ranges from 0 to 4%. Re-designing carbon-carbon backbone polymers to labile ester backbone biodegradable-compostable polymers and treating them along with biodegradable organic waste (such as food, paper, and organic wastes) in managed industrial composting is environmentally responsible. Diverting 1 million metric tons of biodegradable organic wastes in MSW bound for landfills and open dumps to industrial composting results in 0.95 million metric tons CO