Observational studyInternational journal of environmental research and public health2023
Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health in the First Wave of COVID-19 Lockdown in Latin America and Spain: Results of an Online Observational Study.
Observational study in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Learning the hard way: What COVID-19 teaches us about the social determinants of mental health among the urban poor.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Perception of Concern and Associated Factors During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Epidemiological Survey in a Brazilian Municipality.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Barriers and Facilitators for Implementing Digital Interventions for Anxiety and Depression in Latin America: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Syndemic, mental health and living with dependent persons in Latin America and Spain: a study with a gender perspective.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Beyond clinical risk: tackling loneliness through a population health lens.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Analysis of IPV success treatment from an AI approach.PloS one · 2025Article
- Photovoice, emotional health, and structural inequalities: adolescent voices from an intercultural neighborhood in the global south.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Global burden of mental disorders among adolescents and young adults, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2021.General psychiatry · 2025Article
- Social Determinants as Mediators of the Emotional State of People With Type 2 Diabetes and/or Hypertension During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ecuador and Spain.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2024Article
- Navigating the divide: inequalities in household experiences of healthcare disruption in Latin American and the Caribbean countries amidst COVID-19.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
COVID-19 lockdowns greatly affected the mental health of populations and collectives. This study compares the mental health and self-perceived health in five countries of Latin America and Spain, during the first wave of COVID 19 lockdown, according to social axes of inequality. This was a cross-sectional study using an online, self-managed survey in Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Spain. Self-perceived health (SPH), anxiety (measured through GAD-7) and depression (measured through PHQ-9) were measured along with lockdown, COVID-19, and social variables. The prevalence of poor SPH, anxiety, and depression was calculated. The analyses were stratified by gender (men = M; women = W) and country. The data from 39,006 people were analyzed (W = 71.9%). There was a higher prevalence of poor SPH and bad mental health in women in all countries studied. Peru had the worst SPH results, while Chile and Ecuador had the worst mental health indicators. Spain had the lowest prevalence of poor SPH and mental health. The prevalence of anxiety and depression decreased as age increased. Unemployment, poor working conditions, inadequate housing, and the highest unpaid workload were associated with worse mental health and poor SPH, especially in women. In future policies, worldwide public measures should consider the great social inequalities in health present between and within countries in order to tackle health emergencies while reducing the health breach between populations.
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